Alterations in Structural and Functional Connectivities in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease

Background@#and Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the structural and functional connectivities of brain network using graph theoretical analysis in neurologically asymptomatic patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). We further investigated the prevalence of cognitive impairment (CI) in ESRD patients and analyzed the association between network measures of brain connectivity and cognitive function. @*Methods@#We prospectively enrolled 40 neurologically asymptomatic ESRD patients, 40 healthy controls, and 20 disease controls. All of the subjects underwent diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI) and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). We calculated measures of structural and functional connectivities based on DTI and rs-fMRI, respectively, and investigated differences therein between the ESRD patients and the healthy controls. We assessed cognitive function in the ESRD patients using the Korean version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease neuropsychological battery. @*Results@#The ESRD patients exhibited decreased global structural and functional brain connectivities, as well as alterations of network hubs compared to the healthy controls and disease controls. About 70% of the ESRD patients had CI. Moreover, ESRD patients without CI exhibited decreased global connectivity and alterations of network hubs. Furthermore, there was a significant positive association between measures of brain connectivity and cognitive function. @*Conclusions@#We found that ESRD patients exhibited decreased structural and functional brain connectivities, and that there was a significant association between brain connectivity and cognitive function. These alterations in the brain network may contribute to the pathophysiological mechanism of CI in ESRD patients.

Pivotal Role of Subcortical Structures as a Network Hub in Focal Epilepsy: Evidence from Graph Theoretical Analysis Based on Diffusion-Tensor Imaging

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: There is accumulating evidence that epilepsy is caused by network dysfunction. We evaluated the hub reorganization of subcortical structures in patients with focal epilepsy using graph theoretical analysis based on diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI). In addition, we investigated differences in the values of diffusion tensors and scalars, fractional anisotropy (FA), and mean diffusivity (MD) of subcortical structures between patients with focal epilepsy and healthy subjects. METHODS: One hundred patients with focal epilepsy and normal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and 80 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects were recruited prospectively. All subjects underwent DTI to obtain data suitable for graph theoretical analysis. We investigated the differences in the node strength, cluster coefficient, eigenvector centrality, page-rank centrality measures, FA, and MD of subcortical structures between patients with epilepsy and healthy subjects. RESULTS: After performing multiple corrections, the cluster coefficient and the eigenvector centrality of the globus pallidus were higher in patients with epilepsy than in healthy subjects (p=0.006 and p=0.008, respectively). In addition, the strength and the page-rank centrality of the globus pallidus tended to be higher in patients with epilepsy than in healthy subjects (p=0.092 and p=0.032, respectively). The cluster coefficient of the putamen was lower in patients with epilepsy than in healthy subjects (p=0.004). The FA values of the caudate nucleus and thalamus were significantly lower in patients with epilepsy than in healthy subjects (p=0.009 and p=0.007, respectively), whereas the MD value of the thalamus was higher than that in healthy subjects (p=0.005). CONCLUSIONS: We discovered the presence of hub reorganization of subcortical structures in focal epilepsy patients with normal MRI findings, suggesting that subcortical structures play a pivotal role as a hub in the epilepsy network. These findings further reinforce the idea that epilepsy is a network disease.

Association of Nutritional Status with Cognitive Stage in the Elderly Korean Population: The Korean Brain Aging Study for the Early Diagnosis and Prediction of Alzheimer's Disease

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Epidemiological studies have suggested the presence of strong correlations among diet, lifestyle, and dementia onset. However, these studies have unfortunately had major limitations due to their inability to fully control the various potential confounders affecting the nutritional status. The purpose of the current study was to determine the nutritional status of participants in the Korean Brain Aging Study for the Early Diagnosis and Prediction of Alzheimer's Disease (KBASE) and to identify clinical risk factors for being at risk of malnutrition or being malnourished. METHODS: Baseline data from 212 participants [119 cognitively unimpaired (CU), 56 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 37 with dementia] included in the KBASE database were analyzed. All participants underwent a comprehensive cognitive test and MRI at baseline. The presence of malnutrition at baseline was measured by the Mini Nutritional Assessment score. We examined the cross-sectional relationships of clinical findings with nutritional status using multiple logistic regression applied to variables for which p<0.2 in the univariate analysis. Differences in cortical thickness according to the nutritional status were also investigated. RESULTS: After adjustment for demographic, nutritional, and neuropsychological factors, participants with dementia had a significantly higher odds ratio (OR) for being at risk of malnutrition or being malnourished than CU participants [OR=5.98, 95% CI=1.20–32.97] whereas participants with MCI did not (OR=0.62, 95% CI=0.20–1.83). Cortical thinning in the at-risk/malnutrition group was observed in the left temporal area. CONCLUSIONS: Dementia was found to be an independent predictor for the risk of malnutrition compared with CU participants. Our findings further suggest that cortical thinning in left temporal regions is related to the nutritional status.

Neurosyphilis Exhibiting Similar MRI Findings of Multiple Sclerosis

No abstract available.

Vasculitis Findings for the Anterior Choroidal Artery in 3D-Time-of-Flight Magnetic Resonance Angiography

No abstract available.

Procalcitonin as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Factor for Tuberculosis Meningitis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We investigated the potential role of serum procalcitonin in differentiating tuberculosis meningitis from bacterial and viral meningitis, and in predicting the prognosis of tuberculosis meningitis. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of 26 patients with tuberculosis meningitis. In addition, 70 patients with bacterial meningitis and 49 patients with viral meningitis were included as the disease control groups for comparison. The serum procalcitonin level was measured in all patients at admission. Differences in demographic and laboratory data, including the procalcitonin level, were analyzed among the three groups. In addition, we analyzed the predictive factors for a prognosis of tuberculosis meningitis using the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) at discharge, and the correlation between the level of procalcitonin and the GCS score at discharge. RESULTS: Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that a low level of procalcitonin (≤1.27 ng/mL) independently distinguished tuberculosis meningitis from bacterial meningitis. The sensitivity and specificity for distinguishing tuberculosis meningitis from bacterial meningitis were 96.2% and 62.9%, respectively. However, the level of procalcitonin in patients with tuberculosis meningitis did not differ significantly from that in patients with viral meningitis. In patients with tuberculosis meningitis, a high level of procalcitonin (>0.4 ng/mL) was a predictor of a poor prognosis, and the level of procalcitonin was negatively correlated with the GCS score at discharge (r=-0.437, p=0.026). CONCLUSIONS: We found that serum procalcitonin is a useful marker for differentiating tuberculosis meningitis from bacterial meningitis and is also valuable for predicting the prognosis of tuberculosis meningitis.

A Case of Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome with Acute Submassive Pulmonary Thromboembolism Treated with Thrombolytic Therapy

Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome is a rare congenital mesodermal abnormality characterized by varicose veins, cutaneous hemangiomas, soft tissue and bony hypertrophy of limb. Potential complications such as deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary thromboembolism have not been reported in Korea to date. We demonstrate the case of a 48-year-old woman with Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome with extensive varicose veins on right lower limb, hypertrophy of left big toe and basilar artery tip aneurysm, complicated with acute submassive pulmonary thromboembolism treated successfully with intravenous thrombolytic therapy.

Characteristics of Body Composition and Muscle Strength of North Korean Refugees during South Korean Stay

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the changes of body composition and muscle strength of North Korean refugees (NKRs) according to their duration of stay in South Korea. METHODS: NKRs who volunteered and were living in South Korea, aged 20 to 75 years were recruited. Body compositions were analyzed by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Muscle strength was measured with the hand grip test. Demographic and migration information was obtained with a questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 158 volunteers were recruited at a mean age of 48.3+/-11.4 years. The mean time from when they escaped from North Korea and arrived in South Korea was 5.8+/-4.3 years. Height, weight, and body surface area were significantly smaller in all NKRs compared to South Korean controls, except for women aged over 50 years. In females of younger ages (<50 years), NKRs with more than a 4-year stay in South Korea had a higher weight and fat mass than that of those who had a shorter stay (less than 4 years) in South Korea. All NKRs had a weaker grip strength than that of the age-matched controls from South Korea. CONCLUSION: The NKRs showed relatively smaller physiques and weaker muscle strength than that of the South Korean controls. In younger female NKRs, shorter South Korean stay group showed small body weight and fat mass than that of longer South Korean stay group. Specific health support programs might be needed.

A rare case of hyperoxaluria presenting with acute liver injury and stone-free kidney injury

A 49-year-old woman visited the clinic because of acute hepatitis and acute kidney injury with decreased urine output presenting microscopic hematuria and proteinuria. An abdominal computed tomography revealed a localized, hypoattenuated lesion in a hepatic lateral segment, and kidney biopsy showed oxalate crystal deposition with tubular necrosis. In addition, the patient's 24-hour urinary excretion of oxalate was increased. Her kidney and liver injury improved after sessions of hemodialysis, and urinary oxalate excretion was normalized. Major mutations in primary hyperoxaluria have not been proven. A full sequencing of target genes may be helpful to diagnose a rare form of primary hyperoxaluria.

Acute Pancreatitis Induced by Quetiapine in an Elderly Patient

Quetiapine is an atypical antipsychotic that is frequently used to manage delirium in geriatric patients. Acute pancreatitis associated with quetiapine has rarely been reported. A 70-year-old male presented with severe abdominal pain a few hours after taking a dose of quetiapine prescribed for delirium. Despite the lack of risk factors of pancreatitis in his medical history, the patient had a slight increase of serum lipase and amylase levels. His general condition improved on discontinuation of quetiapine. A month later, quetiapine was readministered for the recurrence of delirium. Subsequently, the patient developed the same symptom with a significant increase in serum pancreatic enzyme levels, confirming that quetiapine induced the pancreatitis. We reported the first case of quetiapine-induced pancreatitis in Korea, together with a review of the literature.

Predictors for Presence and Severity of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Snoring Patients: Significance of Neck Circumference

OBJECTIVES: Documented risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea include advanced age, male gender, hypertension, large neck circumference, and obesity; but some controversy remains regarding the risk factors, especially in Asians. In this study, we evaluated the risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea in snoring patients, and also analyzed the risk factors that could predict the severity of obstructive sleep apnea. METHODS: The inclusion criteria were patients 1) who visited our hospital with a chief complaint of snoring as witnessed by a sleep partner and 2) who underwent overnight polysomnography. The primary endpoint was the presence of obstructive sleep apnea as a dependent variable. RESULTS: One hundred forty-seven patients met the inclusion criteria. Of the 147 patients, 109 patients were diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea. Multivariate analysis showed that old age and large neck circumference were significant independent variables for predicting the presence of obstructive sleep apnea, whereas hypertension and large neck circumference were independent variables for predicting the severity of obstructive sleep apnea. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that neck circumference can be used to predict the presence as well as the severity of obstructive sleep apnea in snoring Asian patients.

Hashimoto's Encephalopathy Presenting with Ocular Flutter

Hashimoto's encephalopathy is a neurological disorder associated with high titers of antithyroid antibodies. The common neurologic symptoms are seizure, stroke-like episode, or mental change. However other atypical presentations, such as aphasia, myoclonus, ataxia, and cognitive dysfunction have also been described. We report hear a 44-year-old woman with Hashimoto's encephalopathy. The patient presented with ocular flutter as a principal manifestation, which is rare in Hashimoto's encephalopathy.

Internal Capsular Infarction Presented as Monoataxia

No abstract available.

Miller-Fisher Syndrome with Blink Reflex Abnormality

No abstract available.

Has Snoring Significance for Predicting Obstructive Sleep Apnea Severity? / 대한임상신경생리학회지

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive value of snoring frequency in the diagnosis and severity of obstructive sleep apnea. METHODS: Patients who underwent polysomnography with one or more of the following characteristics were included: 1) sleepiness, non-restorative sleep, fatigue, or insomnia symptoms; 2) arousal due to cessation of breathing or the occurrence of gasping or choking when waking up; and 3) habitual snoring, breathing interruptions, or both, noted by a bed partner or other observer. We analyzed the differences in clinical and polysomnographic variables between patients with and without obstructive sleep apnea and investigated the associations of those variables with obstructive sleep apnea severity. RESULTS: One hundred ninety-three patients met the inclusion criteria, and 145 of the 193 patients were diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that large neck circumference (p = 0.0054) and high snoring index (p = 0.0119) were independent predictors for obstructive sleep apnea. Moreover, between the obstructive sleep apnea severity groups, there was a strong tendency of difference in body mass index (p = 0.0441) and neck circumference (p = 0.0846). However, there was no significant difference in snoring frequency according to obstructive sleep apnea severity (p = 0.4914). CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed that snoring frequency is a predictor of obstructive sleep apnea. In addition, we showed for the first time that snoring frequency is not associated with obstructive sleep apnea severity, thus it is not a valuable marker for predicting obstructive sleep apnea severity.

Significance of Triphasic Waves in Metabolic Encephalopathy / 대한임상신경생리학회지

BACKGROUND: Triphasic waves are one of the electroencephalographic patterns that can be usually seen in metabolic encephalopathy. The aim of this study is to compare the clinical and electrophysiologic profiles between patients with and without triphasic waves in metabolic encephalopathy, and reassess the significance of triphasic waves in metabolic encephalopathy. METHODS: We recruited 127 patients with metabolic encephalopathy, who were admitted to our hospital. We divided these admitted patients into two groups; those with and without triphasic waves. We analyzed the difference of duration of hospitalization, mortality rate during admission, Glasgow Coma Scale, severity of electroencephalographic alteration, and presence of acute symptomatic seizures between these two groups. RESULTS: Of the 127 patients with metabolic encephalopathy, we excluded 67 patients who did not have EEG, and 60 patients finally met the inclusion criteria for this study. Patients with triphasic waves had more severe electroencephalographic alterations, lower Glasgow Coma Scale, and more acute symptomatic seizures than those without triphasic waves. After adjusting the clinical variables, Glasgow Coma Scale and acute symptomatic seizures were only significantly different between patients with and without triphasic waves. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that patients with triphasic waves in metabolic encephalopathy had more significant impairment of the brain function.

Rotational Vertigo and Unsteady Gait Associated with Vestibular Cortical Infarction / 대한임상신경생리학회지

A 77-year-old man developed acute vertigo and unsteady gait. Neurological examination revealed spontaneous left-beating nystagmus in the primary position. He fell to the left when walking without support. Magnetic resonance imaging showed an acute infarction involving the right parieto-temporal lobe. Although the vertigo and unsteady gait are most often associated with vestibular disorders involving the infratentorial structures, those may occur in cerebral infarction of the parieto-temporal lobe.

A Case of Unusual Pituitary Apoplexy Presented as Aseptic Meningitis / 대한임상신경생리학회지

We encountered a case of pituitary apoplexy who presented with isolated headache and vomiting without visual disturbance or ophthalmoplegia. The cerebrospinal fluid examination was compatible with aseptic meningitis. A computed tomography revealed slightly high density in the pituitary fossa and suprasella area, but the signal change was very faint. Our case suggests that clinicians should take into account the possibility of pituitary apoplexy without visual disturbance or ophthalmoplegia, when aseptic meningitis is suspected.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging in a Patient With Ramsay-Hunt Syndrome

No abstract available.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging in a Patient With Ramsay-Hunt Syndrome

No abstract available.