Free radical scavenging activity and antioxidative potential of various solvent extracts of Mussaenda macrophylla Wall: An in vitro and ex vivo study

This study investigates the phytochemical composition, free radical scavenging activities, and antioxidative potential of various extracts of Mussaenda macrophylla. Phytochemicals such as alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, steroids, tannins, and terpenoids were found to be present in various extracts of M. macrophylla. Aqueous extract of M. macrophylla has the highest total phenolic (387.61 ± 14.10 mg gallic acid equivalent/g) and flavonoid (5,761.65 ± 38.5 mg quercetin equivalent/g) contents. The antioxidative potential of M. macrophylla extracts was measured by their ability to scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide anions (O2 •− ), and 2, 2′-azino-bis-(3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) in a cell free system. The aqueous extract of M. macrophylla possessed the highest scavenging activities for DPPH, O2 •− , and ABTS with IC50 of 25.92 ± 0.33 μg/ml, 4.12 ± 0.94 μg/ml, and 17.20 ± 0.50 μg/ml, respectively. Furthermore, the scavenging activities of the aqueous extract of M. macrophylla against ABTS and O2 •− were found to be more effective than ascorbic acid which was used as standard. The total reducing power of M. macrophylla extracts was also determined by measuring the transformation of Fe3+ into Fe2+ and the methanolic extract was found to exhibit the highest reducing power. The aqueous extract of M. macrophylla showed the highest inhibitory activities against mice erythrocyte hemolysis and lipid peroxidation in the liver homogenate with an inhibition rate of 80.53% and 65.33%, respectively

Midwives' knowledge and use of partographs at Juba Teaching Hospital, South Sudan

Background:Evidence shows that good knowledge of partographs and proper application of this knowledge results in a remarkable reduction in prolonged and obstructed labour and reduces maternal mortality. Obstructed labour can be prevented by a simple and cost-effective health intervention tool, the partograph. A partograph is a graphical record of the progress of labour and salient conditions of the mother and foetus plotted against time in hours. This provides an opportunity for early identification of deviation from normal progress. Early detection of prolonged labour greatly contributes to prevention of obstructed labour and related complications.Objective:To assess midwives' knowledge and use of partographs in the maternity ward of Juba Teaching Hospital, South Sudan.Methods:A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted to assess utilisation of partographs among healthcare providers in Juba Teaching Hospital. All providers working at the time of the study were included. An interviewer administered questionnaire prepared in English was used to assess socio-demographic and other related variables of respondents as well as knowledge and practice. Ethical procedures were followed at every step. Results:Only 20% of the 30 respondents were registered midwives, 67% knew the components -of a partograph, and 93% could differentiate between normal and abnormal labour with the use of a partograph. The factors affecting the use of partographs included; shortage of partographs in the ward, lack of protocols on partograph use, understanding semantics of the English language, absence of refresher training, late reporting of mothers to the ward, and a shortage of staff. Conclusions: Despite good knowledge of the partograph, about half of the providers do not use them. We recommend training and recruitment of more qualified midwives, a continuous supply of partographs to improve use of partographs continuous supportive supervision, mentoring of staff and motivation schemes

Bone marrow aspiration findings in a tertiary care hospital of Peshawar

Objective: to study the frequency of hematological and non-hematological disorders found on bone marrow examination in a tertiary care hospital of Peshawar

Methodology: this cross sectional descriptive study was conducted at the pathology department of Khyber Medical College and Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar from Jan to Dec 2013. A total of 157 patients were included in this study. Bone marrow aspiration was done, stained and examined

Results: out of 157 patients, 30 patients [19.1%] had leukemia, 26 [16.6%] had megaloblastic anemia, ITP was present in 26 patients [16.6%], 18 patients [11.5%] showed normal bone marrow, 17 patients [10.8%] had evidence of hemolytic anemia, aplastic anemia was present in 9 patients [5.7%], iron deficiency anemia was seen in 9 patients [5.7%], anemia of chronic disorder was present in 08 patients [5.1%], hypersplenism was present in 05 patients [3.2%], metastatic lesions, PNH and visceral leishmaniasis was present in 2 patients [1.3%] each. Malaria, myelofibrosis and evidence of hemoglobinopathies was found in 01 patient [0.6%] each

Conclusion: anemia was the commonest disorder amongst non-malignant disorders and leukemia was the commonest malignant disorder

Laparoscopy; its role in diagnosis of various gynecological conditions

Diagnostic Laparoscopy is considered to be the gold standard for the evaluation of the pelvis and is considered a safe procedure. Diagnostic Laparoscopy is a technique in the routine investigation and treatment of infertility as well as other gynecological problems. To determine, Laparoscopic findings in different gynecological conditions, different causes of infertility and complications of laparoscopy Retrospective, descriptive study. We reviewed case records of all patients who underwent laparoscopy for their different Gynecological problems. Data were collected from patient case records in a data entry sheet In our study a total of Thirty patients under went laparoscopy for investigation of different gynecological problems. There were 17 patients who have primary infertility and 6 have secondary infertility while 7 presented with Lower abdominal pain. In our study the leading cause of primary infertility was Polycystic Ovarian Disease[29%].Other causes were bilateral tubal blockade [23.53%] ,17% has PID and fibroid uteri, While one patients shown Endometriosis as well as one patient had no obvious pathology.[5.88%].On laparoscopic examination of secondary infertility 50% shown Tubal blocked while 16.67 shown Fibroid uterus and PID.One patient had normal pelvic findings[16.67]. Regarding patients presented with pain lower abdomen 57.15% has ovarian cyst, 28.58% has Ectopic pregnancy while one case[14.29%] had hetrotropic pregnancy. In 24 patients had no complication and recovery was smooth. laparoscopy had to be converted into Laparotomy due to significant hemorrhage in two patient and wound infection was observed in two patients. One patient presented with post operative fever and one presented with abdominal pain. Laparoscopy is a valuable diagnostic tool for females in different gynecological problems. The benefit of the laparoscopy to open surgery include less pain, less scarring, less disability and quicker recovery

Management of typhoid perforation

To Compare Primary repair and Ileostomy in patients with Typhoid perforation in terms of Morbidity and mortality in Sir Ganga Raam Hospital. Observational Comparison Study. 15[th] March 08 to 15[th] June 2009 in department of Surgery, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital Lahore. All the patients presented in surgical Emergency with typhoid perforation of all age groups and of both genders. Resuscitation followed by exploratory laparatomy with appropriate surgical procedure was done. 24 patients with typhoid perforation were observed with mean age group of 32 years. Male to female ratio of 3:1. Surgical intervention done was primary repair of perforation [N=9], Resection Ileostomy [N=12] and resection anastamosis [N=3]. Morbidity in term of hospital stay is high in patients with serious peritoneal contamination and in most cases resection Ileostomy has to be undertaken