Alterations of oral functions and dental malocclusions in adolescents: a cross-sectional population-based study / Alterações das funções orais e má oclusão em adolescentes: um estudo transversal de base populacional

Abstract This article aims to assess whether alterations of oral functions (AOF) are associated with malocclusion (MO)'s type and severity. Cross-sectional study of a representative sample of 332 adolescents aged 12 years in São Luís-MA, Northeastern Brazil. MO criteria included Angle's classification, Dental Aesthetic Index, and other morphological problems. The AOF were evaluated by breathing, phonation, chewing, and swallowing. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated using logistic and multinomial regression analyses (α=5%). Mouth breathing was associated with defined (OR=3.84; 95%CI=1.45-10.12), disabling (OR=4.34; 95%CI=1.99-9.49), and class III (OR=4.15; 95%CI=1.19-14.54) MO. Phonation problems were associated with defined (OR=2.01; 95%CI=1.02-4.39), disabling (OR=3.04; 95%CI=1.55-5.96), and Class II (OR=2.02; 95%CI=1.28-3.18) MO. Chewing disorders were associated with posterior crossbite (PCB) (OR=2.32; 95%CI=1.12-4.82). Swallowing disorders were associated with Class III MO (OR=5.66; 95%CI=1.35-23.71), PCB (OR=6.13; 95%CI=2.76-13.62), and posterior open bite (OR=4.53; 95%CI=1.72-8.92). Breathing and phonation alterations are associated with MO in anterior arch segments, while chewing and swallowing disorders, in the posterior segments.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar se alterações das funções orais (AFO) estão associadas ao tipo e gravidade da maloclusão (MO). Estudo transversal com amostra representativa de 332 adolescentes de 12 anos em São Luís-MA, Nordeste do Brasil. Critérios de MO incluíram Classificação de Angle, Índice de Estética Dental e outros problemas morfológicos. As AFO foram avaliadas por respiração, fonação, mastigação e deglutição. Odds ratios (OR) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) foram calculados em análises de regressão logística e multinomial (α=5%). Respiração oral foi associada com MO definida (OR=3,84; IC95%=1,45-10,12), incapacitante (OR=4,34; IC95%=1,99-9,49) e classe III (OR=4,15; IC95%=1,19-14,54). Problemas de fonação foram associados às MO definidas (OR=2,01; IC95%=1,02-4,39), incapacitantes (OR=3,04; IC95%=1,55-5,96) e Classe II (OR=2,02; IC95%=1,28-3,18). Alterações na mastigação foram associadas à mordida cruzada posterior (MCP) (OR=2,32; IC95%=1,12-4,82). Deglutição atípica foi associada à MO Classe III (OR=5,66; IC95%=1,35-23,71), MCP (OR=6,13; IC95%=2,76-13,62) e mordida aberta posterior (OR=4,53; IC95%=1,72-8,92). Alterações de respiração e fonação estão associadas às MO nos segmentos anteriores do arco, enquanto as de mastigação e deglutição, nos segmentos posteriores.

Self-perceived need for dental treatment and related factors. A cross-sectional population-based study

Abstract This study compared adolescents' self-perceived need for orthodontic treatment with the normative need for such treatment and investigated associations between socioeconomic and demographic variables and self-perceptions of dental malocclusion. This cross-sectional study involved 1015 schoolchildren aged 12-15 years in São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil. The following data were collected using a questionnaire and an orthodontic examination card: demographic and identifying data, socioeconomic data, educational levels of family, household income, economic classification criteria, and self-reported skin color behavioral data, and oral health data. Normative occlusal condition was examined using the Angle classification and Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI). Data were analyzed using the chi-squared test (to analyze differences in the frequency distribuition of qualitative variables) and Poisson regression (to stimate associations between the perceived need of orthodontic treatment and study covariates), with a 5% significance level. Schoolchildren's self-perceived need for orthodontic treatment was associated with sex (p = 0.022) and the normative need for treatment (p = 0.004). Among socioeconomic, demographic, and oral health variables, only sex [prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.15; 95% confidence interval (95%CI) = 1.04-1.28; p = 0.009] and the normative need for orthodontic treatment (PR = 1.19; 95%CI = 1.08-1.32; p < 0.001) were associated with the perception of malocclusion, with female adolescents reporting a greater need for orthodontic treatment. Female adolescents seems to be more sensitive to oral health problems. The results suggest that the DAI score might reflect a self-perceived need for orthodontic treatment and the Angle classification might overestimate the orthodontic treatment need.

Estudio de la prevalencia de mordida cruzada en los pacientes preortodóncicos en são luís / Study of the prevalence of crossbite in patients preortodóncicos in Sao Luis

El objetivo de esta investigación fue describir la mordida cruzada analizando su prevalencia y aspectos relativos a sus modalidades, el genero, la edad, el factor etiológico, la raza y la clasificación de Angle. La muestra fue constituida de 623 pacientes pre - ortodóncicos de consultorios odontológicos e instituciones de enseñanza de odontología de São Luís, estado de Maranhão - Brasil, en el grupo etario de 8 a 15 años. Fue realizado un análisis descriptivo de los datos los cuales fueron sometidos a la prueba del Chi- cuadrado. Los resultados encontrados mostraron que: a) la prevalencia de mordida cruzada fue de 29,05%, la mordida cruzada anterior la más frecuente, con 12,05%; b) no hubo asociación significativa de la mordida cruzada con el raza, género, edad y local de tratamiento; c) portadores de maloclusión clase III fueron los más afectados observándose asociación significativa de la mordida cruzada con esa variable; d) el apiñamiento fue el factor etiológico más registrado. Se concluyó que la prevalencia de mordida cruzada fue elevada y la procura de tratamiento parece estar más relacionada con la cuestión estética

The purpose of this research is to study crossbites, analyzing their prevalence and aspects relative to modality, gender, age, etiologic factor, race, and Angle Classification. The sample consisted of 623 preorthodontic patients from private dental offices and dental educational institutions of São Luís, the state of Maranhão, Brazil, between the ages of 8- and 15- years-old. A descriptive analysis was carried out and the data were submitted to the chi-square test. The results showed that: a) the prevalence of crossbite was 29.05%, being anterior crossbite the most frequent type, with 12.05%; b) there was no significant association of crosssbite with race, gender, age and place of treatment; c) Class III malocclusion patients were the most affected with crossbites, demonstrating association between these variables. It was concluded that the prevalence of crossbite was elevated and the demand seems to be more related to esthetic concerns

Estudo sobre xerostomia, fluxo salivar e enfermidades sistêmicas emmulheres na pós-menopausa / Study about xerostomia, salivary flow rate and systemic conditions of postmenopausal women

Objetivo: Avaliar quantitativamente o fluxo salivar e a ocorrência de xerostomia em mulheres na pós-menopausa, conforme a enfermidade sistêmica relatada pelas pacientes. Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 20 mulheres na pós-menopausa, que foram submetidas à anamnese e à sialometria total estimulada. Resultados: Os resultados revelaram que 50% das mulheres examinadas relataram presença de xerostomia; a hipossalivação foi mais prevalente que o fluxo salivar normal e o baixo fluxo salivar; dentre as pacientes que relataram possuir enfermidades sistêmicas, as doenças cardiovasculares foram as mais freqüentes, seguida por depressão e nervosismo. Conclusão: Concluiu-se que a xerostomia e a alteração quantitativa no fluxo salivar são comuns em mulheres na pós-menopausa e que as enfermidades de ordem psicológica demonstraram estar relacionadas com a manifestação de xerostomia.

Objective: To make a quantitative evaluation of salivary flow and occurrence of xerostomia in post-menopausal women, according to the systemic condition related by the patients. Methods: The sample was composed of 20 post-menopausal women, who were submitted to anamnesis and completely stimulated sialometry. Results: The results revealed that 50% of the women examined related the presence of xerostomia; hyposalivation was more present than normal salivary flow and low salivary flow; among the patients who related having systemic ailments, cardiovascular diseases were the most frequent, followed by depression and nervousness. Conclusion: It was concluded that xerostomia and quantitative alteration in salivary flow are common among post-menopausal women, and that ailments of a psychological nature were shown to be related to the manifestation of xerostomia.