Copper resistance of different ectomycorrhizal fungi such as Pisolithus microcarpus, Pisolithus sp., Scleroderma sp. and Suillus sp.

Environments contaminated with heavy metals negatively impact the living organisms. Ectomy­corrhizal fungi have shown important role in these impacted sites. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the copper-resistance of ectomycorrhizal fungi isolates Pisolithus microcarpus - UFSC-Pt116; Pisolithus sp. - UFSC-PT24, Suillus sp. - UFSM RA 2.8 and Scleroderma sp. - UFSC-Sc124 to different copper doses in solid and liquid media. The copper doses tested were: 0.00, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 and 1.25 mmol L-1 in the solid medium and 0.00, 0.32, 0.64 and 0.96 mmol L-1 in the liquid medium. Copper was amended as copper sulphate in order to supplement the culture medium MNM at pH 4.8, with seven replicates to each fungus-dose combination. The fungal isolates were incubated for 30 days at 28 °C. UFSC-Pt116 showed high copper-resistance such as accessed by CL50 determinations (concentration to reduce 50% of the growth) as while as UFSC-PT24 displayed copper-resistance mechanism at 0.50 mmol L-1 in solid medium. The UFSC-PT24 and UFSC-Sc124 isolates have increased copper-resistance in liquid medium. The higher production of extracellular pigment was detected in UFSC-Pt116 cultures. The UFSC-Pt116 and UFSC-PT24 isolates showed higher resistance for copper and produced higher mycelium biomass than the other isolates. In this way, the isolates UFSG-Pt116 and UFSC-PT24 can be important candidates to survive in copper-contaminated areas, and can show important role in plants symbiosis in these contaminated sites.

Dental broken needle migration to the skull base: a case of dental broken needle migration to the skull base: anatomical considerations and prevention

Introduction: the needle fracture during the inferior alveolar nerve block is not a common accident, but whenit occurs can cause great inconvenience to the professional and patient, because the surgical removal shouldonly be performed without risk of sequelae to the patient. Aim: relate a case of broken dental needle duringinferior alveolar nerve block and the needle fragment dislocation to the skull base becoming impossible itssurgical removal. Described preventive procedures to avoid that complication with anatomical considerationsrelated to the inferior alveolar nerve block. Case report: a young female, 18 years old required care afterfracture of the dental needle during inferior alveolar nerve anesthesia. She was submitted to CT scan thatdetermined the impossibility of surgical removal of the fragment because it has migrated to the skull basebecoming close to vital anatomic structures because its could produce irreparable sequelae such loss of tonguesensation and movement of the lip. A conservative treatment was offered. Conclusions: surgical removal ofits instrument should be correctly evaluated to avoided irreparable sequelae to the patient. The knowledgeof anatomical structures in the pterigomandibular region may reduce the risk of injury to nerves and anotherstructures and prevent further complications.