Comparison of the effectiveness of different high-flow devices in neonatal care

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the success rate of high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) therapy using an adapted obsolete mechanical ventilator (MV), Optiflow™ and Vapotherm™ in newborns (NBs). Method: This was a retrospective observational study conducted in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The sample comprised NBs who underwent HFNC therapy due to ventilatory dysfunction, for weaning from non-invasive ventilation (NIV), or post-extubation. The three groups, stratified according to gestational age (GA) and birth weight, and corrected GA and weight at the beginning of HFNC use, were as follows: Optiflow ™, Vapotherm ™, and obsolete Mechanical Ventilator (MV) adapted for high flow therapy. Subsequently, the NBs were divided into a success group (SG) and a failure group (FG). HFNC success was defined as a therapy duration exceeding 72 h. Results: A total of 209 NBs were evaluated, with 31.1 % using HFNC due to ventilatory dysfunction, 2.4 % after extubation, and 66.5 % after NIV weaning. HFNC success rate was observed in 90.9 % of the NBs, with no difference between equipment types (Vapotherm ™, Optiflow ™, and adapted VM). Conclusion: Different types of HFNC equipment are equally effective when used in neonatology for respiratory dysfunction, as a method of weaning from NIV and post-extubation. Adapted obsolete MV can be an alternative for HFCN therapy in resource-constrained settings.

Ruas de Lazer em Pelotas: Modelo lógico e descrição dos processos de planejamento e execução / Open streets in Pelotas: Logical model and description of the planning and execution process

O objetivo do estudo foi desenvolver o modelo lógico do projeto Ruas de Lazer na cidade de Pelotas em 2022, assim como descrever os processos de planejamento, pactuação e execução. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, que utilizou a técnica de observação participante e o emprego de modelo lógico. O projeto possui características de gestão compartilhada que demarcam potencial relevante na criação de vínculo entre universidade, gestão pública e população local. Em 2022, sete eventos foram realizados com proposição de atividades culturais com música e dança, atividades físicas e esportivas e de educação em saúde. O projeto está em permanente construção e evolução, apostando na ampliação de investimentos para atingir os objetivos imediatos de oferta de atividades de lazer e de ampliação da democratização de acesso aos espaços públicos para o uso da população.

The aim of this study was to develop a logical model of the Ruas de Lazer project in the city of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in 2022, as well as to describe the processes of planning, agreement, and execution. This is a qualitative study that employed the technique of participant observation and the use of a logical model. The project has characteristics of shared management that mark a relevant potential in creating a bond between the university, public management, and the local population. In 2022, seven events were held, proposing cultural activities with music and dance, physical and sports activities, and health education. The project is in permanent construction and evolution, betting on the expansion of investments to achieve the immediate objectives of offering leisure activities and expanding the democratization of access to public spaces for the use of the population.

Less invasive surfactant administration versus intubation-surfactant-extubation in the treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analyses

Abstract Objectives To compare LISA with INSURE technique for surfactant administration in preterm with gestational age (GA) < 36 weeks with RDS in respect to the incidence of pneumothorax, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), need for mechanical ventilation (MV), regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2), peri‑intraventricular hemorrhage (PIVH) and mortality. Methods A systematic search in PubMed, Embase, Lilacs, CINAHL, SciELO databases, Brazilian Registry of Randomized Clinical Trials (ReBEC), Clinicaltrials.gov, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) was performed. RCTs evaluating the effects of the LISA technique versus INSURE in preterm infants with gestational age < 36 weeks and that had as outcomes evaluation of the rates of pneumothorax, BPD, need for MV, rSO2, PIVH, and mortality were included in the meta-analysis. Random effects and hazard ratio models were used to combine all study results. Inter-study heterogeneity was assessed using Cochrane Q statistics and Higgin's I2 statistics. Results Sixteen RCTs published between 2012 and 2020 met the inclusion criteria, a total of 1,944 preterms. Eleven studies showed a shorter duration of MV and CPAP in the LISA group than in INSURE group. Two studies evaluated rSO2 and suggested that LISA and INSURE transiently affect brain autoregulation during surfactant administration. INSURE group had a higher risk for MV in the first 72 h of life, pneumothorax, PIVH and mortality in comparison to the LISA group. Conclusion This systematic review and meta-analyses provided evidence for the benefits of the LISA technique in the treatment of RDS, decreasing CPAP time, need for MV, BPD, pneumothorax, PIVH, and mortality when compared to INSURE.

Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in neonates receiving parenteral nutrition in the intensive care unit

Abstract Objective: The use of parenteral nutrition (PN) formulations that do not contain iodine can contribute to the deficiency of this mineral, potentially leading to hypothyroidism and, ultimately, neurocognitive impairments. This study aimed to evaluate TSH alterations in newborns receiving PN. Methods: Retrospective study of neonatal intensive care unit patients receiving PN for > 15 days. Nutritional, anthropometric, and biochemical variables (TSH, T4, CRP) were analyzed. Hypothyroidism was defined by TSH > 10 mU/L. Results: Two hundred newborns were evaluated [156 (78%) preterm, 31±5 weeks of gestational age, 112 (56%) with very or extremely low birth weight]. The median (IQR) hospital stay was 68 (42-110) days, PN duration was 31 (21-47) days, and 188 (94%) patients also received enteral nutrition. Overall, 143 (71.5%) newborns underwent at least one TSH measurement. The prevalence of hypothyroidism was 10.5%. The Median PN duration in this group was 51 (34-109) days. Among those with hypothyroidism, 10 received Lugol's solution and six levothyroxine. Thirteen patients received prophylactic Lugol's solution with a median PN duration of 63 (48-197) days. TSH levels correlated positively with PN duration (r = 0.19, p = .02). Conclusions: The present data suggest that changes in TSH and T4 levels are present in neonates receiving PN for > 15 days, suggesting this population may be at risk for developing hypothyroid-ism. Therefore, the authors suggest that TSH and T4 measurements should be included as routine in neonatal patients receiving PN for > 15 days if PN formulations are not supplemented with iodine, and that iodine supplementation be provided as necessary.

Growth phenotypes of very low birth weight infants for prediction of neonatal outcomes from a Brazilian cohort: comparison with INTERGROWTH

Abstract Objective: To assess the predictive value of selected growth phenotypes for neonatal morbidity and mortality in preterm infants < 30 weeks and to compare them with INTERGROWTH-21st (IG21). Methods: Retrospective analysis of data from the Brazilian Neonatal Research Network (BNRN) database for very low birth weight (VLBW) at 20 public tertiary-care university hospitals. Outcome: the composite neonatal morbidity and mortality (CNMM) consisted of in-hospital death, oxygen use at 36 weeks, intraventricular hemorrhage grade 3 or 4, and Bell stage 2 or 3 necrotizing enterocolitis. Selected growth phenotypes: small-for-gestational-age (SGA) defined as being < 3rd (SGA3) or 10th (SGA10) percentiles of BW, and large-for-gestational-age (LGA) as being > 97th percentile of BW. Stunting as being < 3rd percentile of the length and wasting as being < 3rd percentile of BMI. Single and multiple log-binomial regression models were fitted to estimate the relative risks of CNMM, comparing them to IG21. Results: 4,072 infants were included. The adjusted relative risks of CNMM associated with selected growth phenotypes were (BNRN/IG21): 1.45 (0.92-2.31)/1.60 (1.27-2.02) for SGA; 0.90 (0.55-1.47)/1.05 (0.55-1.99) for LGA; 1.65 (1.08-2.51)/1.58 (1.28-1.96) for stunting; and 1.48 (1.02-2.17) for wasting. Agreement between the two references was variable. The growth phenotypes had good specificity (>95%) and positive predictive value (70-90%), with poor sensitivity and low negative predictive value. Conclusion: The BNRN phenotypes at birth differed markedly from the IG21 standard and showed poor accuracy in predicting adverse neonatal outcomes.

Risk Factors for cognitive, motor and language development of preterm children in the first year of life / Fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento cognitivo, motor e de linguagem ao longo do primeiro ano de vida de crianças nascidas prematuras

Abstract Objective: To perform a longitudinal investigation of risk factors in premature infants' cognitive, motor, and language development. Methods: Thirty-three preterm infants were assessed at 4, 8, and 12 months of corrected age, using the Bayley-III Scales. Parents completed questionnaires regarding development opportunities at home, parenting practices and knowledge. Results: Significant associations were found (1) at 4-months between cognitive scores and family income, variety of stimuli, availability of toys, parenting practices and knowledge; language and parenting practices; and motor skills and parenting practices; (2) at 8-months between cognitive score and length of stay in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), gestational age, birth weight, toys, and parenting knowledge; language and toys; and motor skills and toys and parenting knowledge; (3) at 12-months between cognitive scores and length of stay in the NICU, family income, breastfeeding, toys, and parenting knowledge; language and income and toys; and motor scores and length of stay in the NICU, gestational age, income, stimuli, toys, and parenting knowledge. Regression analyses indicated that: for (1) cognitive development, stimulus variety explained 72% of the model variance at 4 months of age; time at the NICU explained 67 and 43% at 8 and 12 months of age, respectively, and breastfeeding time explained 41% of the model variance at 12 months; (2) for language development, family income explained 42% of the model variance at 12 months; and for motor development (3), time at the NICU explained 80% of the model variance at 12 months. Conclusions: The development over the first year of life is not explained by the severity of birth conditions and associated morbidities only, but also by parenting practices.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar longitudinalmente os fatores de risco no desenvolvimento cognitivo, motor e de linguagem de prematuros. Métodos: Participaram 33 crianças prematuras avaliadas aos quatro, oito e 12 meses de idade corrigida, com as escalas Bayley III. Os pais completaram questionários referentes às oportunidades do lar, práticas e conhecimento parentais. Resultados: Associações significantes foram encontradas: (1) aos quatro meses, entre os escores cognitivos e renda familiar, variedade de estímulos, disponibilidade de brinquedos, práticas e conhecimento parental; e linguagem e motor com conhecimento parental; (2) aos oito meses, entre os escores cognitivos e tempo de Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI), idade gestacional, peso ao nascer, brinquedos e conhecimento parental; linguagem e brinquedos; e motor e brinquedos e conhecimento parental; (3) aos 12 meses, entre os escores cognitivos com o tempo de UTI, renda, meses de amamentação, brinquedos e conhecimento parental; linguagem e renda e brinquedos; e motor e idade gestacional, tempo de UTI, renda, estimulação, brinquedos e conhecimento parental. Análises de regressão indicaram que: para o desenvolvimento (1) cognitivo, a variedade de estímulos explicou 72% da variância do modelo aos quatro meses; o tempo de UTI explicou 67 e 43% aos oito e 12 meses respectivamente, e o tempo de amamentação explicou 41% da variância do modelo aos 12 meses; (2) para o desenvolvimento da linguagem, a renda familiar explicou 42% da variância do modelo aos 12 meses; e para o desenvolvimento (3) motor, o tempo de UTI explicou 80% da variância do modelo aos 12 meses. Conclusões: O desenvolvimento no primeiro ano de vida não é explicado apenas pela gravidade ao nascer e pelas morbidades clínicas associadas, mas também pelas práticas parentais.

Incidence of nasal pressure injury in preterm infants on nasal mask noninvasive ventilation / Incidência de lesão por pressão nasal em prematuros em ventilação não invasiva com máscara nasal

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of nasal injury in preterm newborns (NB) using the Neonatal Skin Condition Score within 7 days of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) and to compare the incidence of injury in NB weighing ≥1,000 g and those weighing <1,000 g at the time of initiation of NIV support. Methods This is a prospective, observational study carried out in a neonatal intensive care unit of a public hospital in Rio Grande do Sul from July 2016 to January 2021. Patients were stratified into two groups at the time of NIV initiation: group 1 (weight ≥1,000 g) and group 2 (weight <1,000 g). To assess the condition of nasal injury, a rating scale called the Neonatal Skin Condition Score was applied during the first seven consecutive days on NIV. Kaplan-Meier, log-rank test, and Cox proportional hazards regression were used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results In total, 184 NB were evaluated. Nasal injury was reported in 55 (30%) NB. The risk of nasal injury was 74% higher in group 2 (19/45) than in group 1 (36/139) (HR: 1.74; 95%CI 0.99-3.03, p=0.048). Conclusion The incidence of nasal injury in infants submitted to NIV by nasal mask was high, and the risk of this injury was greater in preterm infants weighing <1,000 g.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a incidência de lesão por pressão nasal em recém-nascidos (RN) pré-termos usando a Escala de Condição da Pele do Recém-Nascido durante sete dias de ventilação não invasiva (VNI) e comparar a incidência em RN ≥N.000 g e aqueles <1.000 g ao início da VNI. Métodos: Estudo observacional prospectivo realizado em uma Unidade Neonatal de Terapia Intensiva de um hospital público do Rio Grande do Sul, no período de julho de 2016 a janeiro de 2021. Os RN prematuros foram estratificados em dois grupos no momento do início da VNI: Grupo 1 (1u.000 g) e Grupo 2 (<1.000 g). O Neonatal Skin Condition Score foi aplicado durante os primeiros sete dias consecutivos de VNI. Curvas de Kaplan-Meier e teste Log-Rank e regressão de riscos proporcionais de Cox foram utilizados para estimar a razão de risco (HR) e intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95%. Resultados: Foram avaliados 184 RN. A lesão nasal foi relatada em 55 (30%) deles. O risco de lesão nasal foi 74% maior no Grupo 2 (n=19 em 45) do que no Grupo 1 (n=36 em 139) (HR=1,74; IC95% 0,99-3,03; p=0,048). Conclusão: A incidência de lesão nasal em neonatos submetidos à VNI por máscara nasal foi alta, e o risco dessa lesão foi maior em RN com peso <1.000 g.

Autopsy in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: pathological and clinical agreement

Abstract Objectives To evaluate neonatal autopsy rates at a tertiary hospital in southern Brazil ascertain the level of agreement between premortem and postmortem diagnosis. Methods The authors reviewed all neonatal autopsies performed over a 10-year period and described the percentage of neonates who died and underwent autopsy. The authors tested for agreement between autopsy findings and the cause of death as defined by the neonatologist. Agreement between clinical diagnosis and autopsy findings was classified using the modified Goldman criteria. Additional findings at autopsy were grouped by organ system. Linear regression and multiple comparisons were used for statistical analyses. Results During the study period, 382 neonates died at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). Consent to perform an autopsy was obtained for 73 (19.1%). The complete agreement between autopsy findings and the neonatologist's premortem diagnosis was found in 48 patients (65.8%). Additional findings were obtained at autopsy in 25 cases (34.2%). In 5 cases (6.9%), the autopsy findings contributed to subsequent genetic counseling. Seven autopsies (9.6%) revealed a diagnosis that would have changed patient management if established premortem. The autopsy rate increased by an average of 1.87% each year. Conclusion Despite a high level of agreement between clinical diagnosis and pathological findings, autopsies provided relevant data regarding the cause of death, providing additional clinical information to neonatologists and allowing genetic counseling of family members.

Matripotência e Mulheres Olùsó: memória ancestral e a enunciação de novos imaginários / Intellectual Networks: black, decolonial and anti-racist epistemologies and methodologies

O quarto volume da Série Pensamento Negro Descolonial, "Matripotência e Mulheres Olùsó: Memória Ancestral e a Enunciação de Novos Imaginários", é resultado do aquilombamento de Mulheres de diferentes regiões do Brasil, que compuseram o curso "Guardiãs do Povo de Terreiro ­ OLÙSÓ", realizado no segundo semestre de 2021. Propõe um mergulho pelas entranhas de experiências grafadas no corpo, na corpa, na memória, na história, na travessia de mulheres pretas, mulheres de axé, mulheres matriarcas, mulheres amefricanas na cena diaspórica. Você está sendo convidado ou convidada a mergulhar por narrativas e recordações que fervem pelo corpo, pela corpa, que sangram pela alma; que emergem enquanto potência ao escorrer da experiência transatlântica forjando e enunciando novos imaginários sobre o ser mulher amefricana diaspórica. O que as mulheres amefricanas têm a contar? Por onde caminham suas histórias, suas memórias? Por onde percorrem suas narrativas quanto aos borrões, as ranhuras, os rastros/resíduos entre Améfrica e África? Apostamos na trama, na dança, na trança, na dialógica e complementaridade entre diferentes tipos de textos e linguagem. Assim, convidamos você, leitora ou leitor, a viajar pelos textos de Oyèrónké Oyewùmí, de Ifi Amadiume e de Kaká Portilho; pelas cartas, fotografias e imagens das Mulheres OLÙSÓ; pelos poemas e oríkì de homens e mulheres pretas amefricanas; e pelas ilustrações de Priscilla Pinheiro Lampazzi. Fique à vontade, sinta, experimente, permita-se, ouça, vibre, reflita sobre cada palavra falada, escrita, desenhada, cantada, fotografada, enunciada, anunciada, performada, grafada nessas páginas.

Protótipo de uma cadeira terapêutica neonatal: desenvolvimento, confecção e aplicabilidade / Prototype of a neonatal therapeutic chair: development, confection and applicability

Introdução: A longa hospitalização dos neonatos na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal tem como consequência o aumento dos riscos de alterações posturais devido ao tempo prolongado dentro de incubadoras e berços. O objetivo do estudo foi desenvolver um dispositivo para promover uma alternativa de mudança de decúbito denominada Cadeira Terapêutico Neonatal. Métodos: Estudo qualitativo e descritivo de desenvolvimento e produção, aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa com o no 17-0254 e constituído por três etapas: desenvolvimento e confecção do protótipo; avaliação da aplicabilidade do protótipo por meio de um questionário de aplicabilidade, após transcorridos 10 minutos do posicionamento funcional; e definição do modelo e solicitação do pedido de invenção pelo Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial (INPI). Resultados: Foram desenvolvidos e confeccionados dois modelos de protótipos de Cadeira Terapêutica Neonatal. Vinte e oito colaboradores da equipe assistencial responderam ao questionário: 82% consideram muito bom na avaliação no grau de conforto e adaptação do neonato; 96% avaliaram como muito fácil de realizar o processo de higienização. Onze (39,28%) colaboradores sugeriram promover medidas de melhorias no cinto de segurança. Definiu-se o modelo do invento e foi feita a inserção do pedido sob o número BR 20.2020.005865 2 no INPI. Conclusão: O modelo proposto promoveu uma alternativa de mudança de postura, tendo como característica a aplicabilidade e a usabilidade. (AU)

Introduction: The long hospitalization of neonates in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit has the consequence of increasing the risks of postural changes due to the prolonged time inside incubators and cradles. The aim of the study was to develop a device to promote an alternative for changing the decubitus position called "Neonatal Therapy Chair". Methods: Qualitative and descriptive study of development and production, approved Human Research Protection Office number 17-0254 ­ consisting of three stages: Stage 1- development and making of the prototype; Step 2- evaluation of the applicability of the prototype through an Applicability Questionnaire, after 10 minutes of functional positioning; Stage 3- definition of the model and request for an invention request by the NIIP (National Institute of Industrial Property). Results: Stage 1: two prototype. Stage 2: Twenty-eight employees of the assistance team answered the questionnaire: 82% consider it very good in assessing the degree of comfort and adaptation of the newborn; 96% rated it as very easy to carry out the cleaning process. Eleven (39.28%) employees suggested promoting measures to improve seat belts. Step 3: definition of the model of the invention and insertion of the order under number BR 20 2020 005865 2 at NIIP. (AU)

Does ADHD worsen inhibitory control in preschool children born very premature and/or with very low birth weight?

Abstract Introduction Deficits in executive functioning, especially in inhibitory control, are present in children born very premature and/or with very low birth weight (VP/VLBW) and in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Objective To evaluate whether ADHD imposes additional inhibitory control (IC) deficits in preschoolers born VP/VLBW. Methods 79 VP/VLBW (4 to 7 years) children were assessed for ADHD using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Aged Children - Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL). IC was measured with Conners' Kiddie Continuous Performance Test (K-CPT 2) and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function - Preschool Version (BRIEF-P).Results: No significant differences were found between ADHD (n = 24) and non-ADHD children (n = 55) for any of the measures (p = 0.062 to p = 0.903). Both groups had deficits in most K-CPT 2 scores compared to normative samples, indicating poor IC and inconsistent reaction times. Conclusions ADHD does not aggravate IC deficits in VP/VLBW children. Either neuropsychological tasks and parent reports of executive functions (EFs) may not be sensitive enough to differentiate VP/VLBW preschoolers with and without ADHD, or these children's EFs are already so impaired that there is not much room for additional impairments imposed by ADHD.

Biochemical predictors for metabolic syndrome in preterm infants according to weight ratio

ABSTRACT Objective Prematurity and low birth weight predispose preterm infants to cardiovascular disease in later life. Is the metabolic profile of these children impacted by the relation between birth weight and gestational age (GA)? This study aimed to evaluate whether the relationship between birth weight and GA of preterm infants has a positive correlation with the metabolic profile from birth to the sixth month of corrected age. Subjects and methods This is a longitudinal, prospective study with a cohort of 70 preterm and 54 term infants, who were enrolled in the study and shared into two groups: Appropriate for GA (AGA) and Small for GA (SGA), both classified at birth by Fenton and Kim curves. Longitudinal evaluation of anthropometry measures and blood samples of total cholesterol, glucose, triglycerides, and insulin were collected at birth, NICU discharge, and the sixth month of corrected age. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical analysis (ANOVA, Fisher test, Shapiro-Wilk, and Cochran test). The effect size was 0.15, power was 0.92, and confidence interval 95%. Results No significant statistical differences were observed in relation to biochemical tests between AGA and SGA groups. However, a significant increase in triglyceride results above the reference values for age in the SGA group was observed throughout the follow-up. Conclusions Changes observed in the preterm infant metabolic profile show no correlation with adequacy of birth weight. Preterm lipid profile requires continuous evaluation at follow-up, due to the increased cardiovascular risk in later life.

The challenges of neonatal sepsis management / Os desafios no manejo da sepse neonatal

Abstract Objectives To present current evidence on the etiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and management of early and late neonatal sepsis. Source of data Non-systematic review of the Medline (PubMed), Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Google Scholar databases regarding the following terms: neonatal sepsis, early neonatal sepsis, late neonatal sepsis, empirical antibiotic therapy, sepsis calculator, vancomycin, newborn, preterm newborn. Data synthesis Neonatal sepsis is a frequent cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Its diagnosis is difficult. Continuous observation of the patient is critical to diagnostic suspicion. When neonatal sepsis is suspected, bacteriological tests should be collected. Vancomycin should not be routinely using in the empirical antibiotic regimen in late neonatal sepsis, and the main protective mechanisms against neonatal sepsis are handwashing and the use of breast milk. Conclusions Newborns constitute a group that is more vulnerable to sepsis. Knowledge of risk factors and etiological agents allows a better approach to the newborn with sepsis.

Resumo Objetivos Apresentar evidências atuais na etiologia, fatores de risco, diagnóstico e manejo da sepse neonatal precoce e tardia. Fontes de dados Revisão não sistemática feita nas bases de dados Medline (PubMed), Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, Google Scholar sobre os temas sepse neonatal, sepse neonatal precoce, sepse neonatal tardia, antibioticoterapia empírica, sepsis calculator, vancomicina, recém-nascido, recém-nascido pré-termo. Síntese de dados A sepse neonatal é uma causa frequente de morbimortalidade neonatal. O seu diagnóstico é difícil. A observação contínua do paciente é fundamental para uma suspeição diagnóstica. Ao se suspeitar de sepse neonatal devem-se coletar exames bacteriológicos. Não usar, rotineiramente, vancomicina no esquema empírico de antibiótico na sepse neonatal tardia. Os principais mecanismos protetores da sepse neonatal são a lavagem de mãos e o uso do leite materno. Conclusões Os recém-nascidos constituem um grupo mais vulnerável à sepse. O conhecimento dos fatores de risco e dos agentes etiológicos permite uma melhor abordagem do recém-nascido séptico.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome-like in the follow-up of very low birth weight preterm infants and associated factors / Prevalência de síndrome metabólica "like" aos dois anos de idade corrigida em prematuros de muito baixo peso e fatores associados

Abstract Objective: To assess the prevalence of metabolic syndrome-like symptoms in a population of preterm infants with very low birth weight (<1500 g) at 2 years of corrected age and identify the occurrence of associated risk factors. Methods: Cross-sectional study during a five-year period, including preterm infants born with very low birth weight evaluated at 2 years of corrected age. Metabolic syndrome-like symptoms was defined by the presence of three or more of these criteria: abdominal circumference ≥ 90th percentile, fasting blood glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL, triglycerides ≥ 110 mg/dL, HDL cholesterol ≤ 40 mg/dL, and blood pressure ≥ 90th percentile. Results: A total of 214 preterm infants with birth weight < 1500 g were evaluated. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome-like symptoms at 2 years of corrected age was 15.1%. Arterial hypertension was present in 57.5%, HDL ≤ 40 mg/dL in 29.2%, hypertriglyceridemia in 22.6%, and abdominal circumference above the 90th percentile in 18.8%. Only 3.7% had hyperglycemia. The presence of periventricular leukomalacia was an independent risk factor for arterial hypertension at this age (OR 2.34, 95% CI: 0.079-0.69, p = 0.008). Overweight and obesity at 2 years of corrected age were independently associated with metabolic syndrome-like symptoms (OR 2.75, 95% CI: 1.19-6.36, p = 0.018). Conclusion: Metabolic syndrome-like symptoms can be observed in very low birth weight preterm infants as early as 2 years of corrected age. Overweight and early-onset obesity are significant risk factors for metabolic syndrome-like symptoms, which deserves appropriate intervention for this high-risk population.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de síndrome metabólica "like" em população de crianças prematuras com muito baixo peso de nascimento (< 1500 gramas) aos dois anos de idade corrigida e identificar a ocorrência de fatores de risco associados. Métodos: Estudo transversal que incluiu prematuros nascidos durante um período de cinco anos com muito baixo peso de nascimento, avaliados aos dois anos de idade corrigida. A síndrome metabólica "like" foi definida pela presença de três ou mais desses critérios: circunferência abdominal ≥ percentil 90, glicemia de jejum ≥ 100 mg/dL, triglicerídeos ≥ 110 mg/dL, colesterol HDL ≤ 40 mg/dL e pressão arterial ≥ percentil 90. Resultados: Foram avaliados 214 prematuros abaixo de 1.500 gramas. A prevalência de síndrome metabólica "like" aos dois anos de idade corrigida foi 15,1%. Hipertensão arterial esteve presente em 57,5%, HDL ≤ 40 mg/dL em 29,2%, hipertrigliceridemia em 22,6% e aumento da circunferência abdominal acima do percentil 90 em 18,8%. Apenas 3,7% apresentaram hiperglicemia. A presença de leucomalácia periventricular foi um fator de risco independente para hipertensão arterial nessa idade (OR 2,34; IC 95% 0,079-0,69; p = 0,008); sobrepeso e obesidade aos dois anos de idade corrigida foram independentemente associados com síndrome metabólica "like" (OR 2,75, IC 95% CI 1,19-6,36; p = 0,018). Conclusão: Síndrome metabólica "like" ocorre em prematuros de muito baixo peso tão precocemente quanto dois anos de idade corrigida. Sobrepeso e obesidade de início precoce são fatores de risco significativos para síndrome metabólica "like", merecem intervenção apropriada para essa população de alto risco.

Preterm newborn's postnatal growth patterns: how to evaluate them / Padrões de crescimento pós-natal do recém-nascido prematuro: como avaliar

Abstract Objectives: There are several factors that influence the postnatal growth of preterm infants. It is crucial to define how to evaluate the growth rate of each preterm child and its individual trajectory, the type of growth curve, either with parameters of prescriptive curves for healthy preterm infants with no morbidities or, in the case of preterm infants and their "bundle of vulnerabilities", growth curves that may represent how they are actually growing, with the aim of directing appropriate nutritional care to each gestational age range. Data sources: The main studies with growth curves for growth monitoring and the appropriate nutritional adjustments that prioritized the individual trajectory of postnatal growth rate were reviewed. PubMed and Google Scholar were searched. Data synthesis: The use of longitudinal neonatal data with different gestational ages and considering high and medium-risk pregnancies will probably be essential to evaluate the optimal growth pattern. Conclusions: Prioritizing and knowing the individual growth trajectory of each preterm child is an alternative for preterm infants with less than 33 weeks of gestational age. For larger preterm infants born at gestational age >33 weeks, the Intergrowth 21st curves are adequate.

Resumo Objetivos: Inúmeros são os fatores que influenciam o crescimento pós-natal de prematuros. É fundamental a definição de como avaliar velocidade de crescimento de cada criança nascida prematura e sua trajetória individual, o tipo de curva de crescimento, seja com parâmetros de curvas prescritivas para prematuros saudáveis e sem morbidades ou no caso de um prematuro e seu "pacote de vulnerabilidades", curvas de crescimento que possam representar como eles realmente crescem, com a finalidade de direcionar o cuidado nutricional apropriado a cada faixa de idade gestacional. Fonte de dados: Foram revisados os principais estudos com curvas de crescimento na monitoração do crescimento e nos ajustes nutricionais apropriados que priorizaram a trajetória individual da velocidade de crescimento pós-natal. Foram consultados PubMed e Google Scholar. Síntese dos dados: O uso de dados neonatais longitudinais com diferentes idades gestacionais e considerando gestações de alto e médio risco provavelmente será fundamental para avaliar o padrão ótimo de crescimento. Conclusões: Priorizar e conhecer a trajetória individual de crescimento de cada criança nascida prematura é opção para prematuros com menos de 33 semanas. Para prematuros maiores, nascidos com idade gestacional acima de 33 semanas, as curvas Intergrowth 21 st são adequadas.

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and mast cells in the intestinal wall of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum / Neutrófilos, eosinófilos e mastócitos na parede intestinal de cães naturalmente infectados com Leishmania infantum

Abstract Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a disease caused by the protozoa Leishmania infantum and can cause an inflammatory reaction in the gastrointestinal tract, however the role of granulocytic cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, and mast cells) in the intestine of dogs infected is not fully understood. We performed a quantitative analysis these cells in the intestinal wall of dogs with canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL). Twenty dogs were assigned to one of three groups: group 1 (G1, n=8), dogs with CVL and L. infantum amastigotes in the intestine; group 2 (G2, n=9), dogs with CVL but without intestinal amastigotes; and group 3 (G3, n=3), uninfected dogs (control group). Granulocytic cells were counted in the crypt-villus unit (mucosa), submucosa, and muscle layer of the intestinal mucosa. Cell counts were higher in the intestinal wall of dogs from G2 followed by G1 and G3 (p≤0.05). In G1, there was a low inverse correlation between parasite burden of the small intestine and granulocyte counts (r= -0.1, p≤0.01). However, in G2 dogs, mast cell and eosinophil numbers showed positive correlation (r=0.85, p≤0.01). The granulocytic cell hyperplasia observed in the intestine of L. infantum-infected dogs suggests that these cells may be involved in the cell-mediated immune response for parasite elimination.

Resumo A leishmaniose visceral (LV) é uma doença causada pelo protozoário Leishmania infantum e pode causar uma reação inflamatória no trato gastrointestinal, entretanto o papel das células granulocíticas (neutrófilos, eosinófilos e mastócitos) no intestino de cães infectados não é totalmente compreendido. Neste estudo realizamos uma análise quantitativa dessas células na parede intestinal de cães com LV. Vinte cães foram distribuídos em três grupos: grupo 1 (G1, n=8), cães com LV e amastigotas de L. infantum no intestino; grupo 2 (G2, n=9), cães com LV, mas sem amastigotas intestinais; e grupo 3 (G3, n=3), não infectados (grupo controle). Células granulocíticas foram contadas na unidade cripta-vilo (mucosa), submucosa e camada muscular da mucosa intestinal. Observamos hiperplasia dessas células na parede intestinal de cães do G2, seguidas das G1 em relação ao G3 (p≤0,05). No G1, houve uma correlação inversa baixa entre a carga parasitária do intestino delgado e a contagem de granulócitos (r= -0,1; p≤0,01). No entanto, nos cães do G2, os números de mastócitos e eosinófilos apresentaram correlação positiva (r=0,85; p≤0,01). A hiperplasia de células granulocíticas observada no intestino de cães infectados por L. infantum sugere que essas células podem estar envolvidas na resposta imune mediada por células para a eliminação do parasita.

Association between human breast milk and retinopathy of prematurity / Associação entre ingesta de leite materno e desenvolvimento de retinopatia da prematuridade

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the possible protective effect of breast milk against retinopathy of prematurity by comparing the amount of breast milk received by patients who developed retinopathy of prematurity and those who did not and to determine both the required minimum amount of breast milk and the time of life during which neonates need to receive breast milk for this effect to be significant. Methods: Cohort study of newborns with a birth weight of <1500 g or gestational age of <32 weeks, or both, born between January 2011 and October 2014 and hospitalized within the first 24 h of life in the Hospital Criança Conceição Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Results: The prevalence of retinopathy of prematurity of any degree was 31% (100 of 323 patients) and that of severe retinopathy of prematurity was of 9% (29 of 323 patients). The median amounts of breast milk received daily by patients with and without retinopathy of prematurity were 4.9 mL/kg (interquartile range, 0.3-15.4) and 10.2 mL/kg (1.5-25.5), respectively. The amount of breast milk received in the first 6 weeks of life was inversely associated with the incidence of both retinopathy of prematurity of any degree and severe retinopathy of prematurity in the univariate analyses. However, the statistical significance was maintained only during the sixth week of life in a per-period multivariate analysis controlling for confounding factors. Conclusions: Small amounts of breast milk are inadequate to prevent retinopathy of prematurity in premature newborns at risk for the disease.

RESUMO Objetivos: Avaliar o possível efeito protetor do leite materno contra a retinopatia da prematuridade, através da comparação da quantidade de leite materno recebida entre os pacientes que desenvolveram retinopatia da prematuridade e aqueles livres da doença. Tentar determinar a quantidade mínima necessária e o momento em que o recém-nascido precisa receber o leite materno para que esse efeito seja significativo. Métodos: Estudo de coorte observacional incluindo recém-nascidos com peso de nascimento inferior a 1500 gramas e/ou com idade gestacional inferior a 32 semanas, nascidos no período de janeiro de 2011 a outubro de 2014 e internados nas primeiras 24 horas de vida na UTI Neonatal do Hospital da Criança Conceição em Porto Alegre. Resultados: A prevalência da retinopatia da prematuridade em qualquer grau foi de 31% (100 casos em 323 pacientes) e a de retinopatia da prematuridade grave foi de 9% (29 casos em 323 pacientes). A mediana da quantidade de leite materno recebida pelos pacientes foi de 10,2 mL/kg/dia entre os pacientes sem retinopatia da prematuridade (amplitude interquartil 1,5-25,5) e de 4,9 mL/kg/dia entre os pacientes com retinopatia da prematuridade (0,3-15,4). A quantidade de leite materno recebida nas primeiras seis semanas de vida foi inversamente associada à incidência de retinopatia da prematuridade em qualquer grau e de retinopatia da prematuridade grave nas análises univariadas, mas a significância estatística não se manteve após análise multivariada para controle de fatores confundidores na maioria dos períodos avaliados, exceto na sexta semana de vida. Conclusão: Pequenas quantidades de leite materno não são suficientes para prevenção de retinopatia da prematuridade em recém-nascidos com de risco para a doença.

Motor development of preterm infants assessed by the Alberta Infant Motor Scale: systematic review article / Desenvolvimento motor de prematuros avaliados pela Alberta Infant Motor Scale: artigo de revisão sistemática

Abstract Objective: Premature newborns are considered at risk for motor development deficits, leading to the need for monitoring in early life. The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature about gross motor development of preterm infants, assessed by the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) to identify the main outcomes in development. Data source: Systematic review of studies published from 2006 to 2015, indexed in Pubmed, Scielo, Lilacs, and Medline databases in English and Portuguese. The search strategy included the keywords: Alberta Infant Motor Scale, prematurity, preterm, motor development, postural control, and follow-up. Data summary: A total of 101 articles were identified and 23 were selected, according to the inclusion criteria. The ages of the children assessed in the studies varied, including the first 6 months up to 15 or 18 months of corrected age. The percentage variation in motor delay was identified in the motor outcome descriptions of ten studies, ranging from 4% to 53%, depending on the age when the infant was assessed. The studies show significant differences in the motor development of preterm and full-term infants, with a description of lower gross scores in the AIMS results of preterm infants. Conclusions: It is essential that the follow-up services of at-risk infants have assessment strategies and monitoring of gross motor development of preterm infants; AIMS is an assessment tool indicated to identify atypical motor development in this population.

Resumo Objetivo: Recém-nascidos prematuros são considerados de risco para déficits no desenvolvimento motor, o que ocasiona a necessidade de acompanhamento nos primeiros anos de vida. O objetivo do presente estudo é revisar de forma sistemática as publicações que abordam o desenvolvimento motor amplo de crianças nascidas prematuras, avaliadas por meio da Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS), de modo a apontar os principais desfechos motores. Fontes dos dados: Revisão sistemática das publicações de 2006 a 2015, indexadas nas bases de dados Pubmed, Scielo, Lilacs e Medline, nos idiomas inglês e português. A estratégia de busca incluiu palavras-chaves: prematuro, pré-termo, prematuridade, desenvolvimento motor, controle postural, seguimento, Alberta Infant Motor Scale, prematurity, pre-term, motor development, postural control e follow-up. Síntese dos dados: Foram identificados 101 artigos e selecionados 23, conforme critérios de inclusão. As idades das crianças avaliadas nos estudos incluíram os primeiros seis meses até os 15 ou 18 meses de idade corrigida. Variado percentual de atraso motor foi identificado na descrição dos desfechos motores de 10 estudos, de 4 a 53%, dependeu da idade em que o bebê foi avaliado. Os estudos apontam diferenças significativas no desenvolvimento motor de prematuros e crianças nascidas a termo, com descrição de escores brutos mais baixos nos resultados da AIMS de crianças prematuras. Conclusões: É fundamental que os serviços de seguimento de bebês de risco apresentem estratégias de avaliação e acompanhamento do desenvolvimento motor amplo de prematuros, a AIMS é uma ferramenta de avaliação indicada para identificar comportamentos motores atípicos nessa população.

T lymphocytes and macrophages in the intestinal tissues of dogs infected with Leishmania infantum / Linfócitos T e macrófagos nos tecidos intestinais de cães infectados com Leishmania infantum

Abstract This study was about a semi-quantitative analysis of T lymphocytes (CD4+ and CD8+, FoxP3+ regulatory T cells), and macrophages in the gut wall of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum. Thirteen dogs were divided into three groups: group 1 (G1, n=5), dogs with canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) and infected with L. infantum amastigotes in the intestine; group 2 (G2, n=5), dogs with CVL but without intestinal amastigotes; and group 3 (G3, n=3), uninfected dogs (control group). There was no significant difference (p ≥ 0.05) on CD4+ and Treg cell numbers among the groups, whereas the levels of CD8+ T cells and macrophages were significantly higher in dogs from G1 group than in G2 and G3 (p ≤ 0.05), especially in intestinal segments with high parasite burden. Parasite burden correlated positively with levels of CD8+ T cells and macrophages (p ≤ 0.05), but was inversely correlated to levels of CD4+ T lymphocytes and FoxP3+ Treg cells. In conclusion, in the intestine of dogs with CVL, the increase of CD8+ T cells and macrophages population associated with high parasite burdens, but no changes of CD4+ T cells and FoxP3+ Treg cells suggest a possible immunoregulation by the parasite not dependent on Treg cells.

Resumo Este estudo foi uma análise semi-quantitativa de linfócitos T (CD4+, CD8+ e regulatórios - Treg FoxP3+) e macrófagos na parede intestinal de cães naturalmente infectados com Leishmania infantum. Treze cães foram divididos em três grupos: grupo 1 (G1, n=5) continha cães com leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) e com amastigotas intestinais; grupo 2 (G2, n=5) continha cães com LVC, mas sem amastigotas intestinais e o grupo 3 (G3, n=3) continha cães não infectados (grupo controle). Verificou-se que não houve diferença significativa (p ≤ 0.05) no número de células CD4+ e de Treg entre os grupos, mas o número de células T CD8+ e macrófagos foi significativamente superior nos cães do grupo G1 em relação ao G2 e ao G3 (p ≤ 0,05), especialmente nos segmentos intestinais com altas cargas parasitárias. As altas cargas parasitarias correlacionaram positivamente com os números de CD8+ e macrófagos (p ≤ 0,05), mas negativamente com as células CD4+ e Treg. Em conclusão, no intestino dos cães com LVC, o aumento das populações de células T CD8+ e de macrófagos associado a altas cargas parasitárias, mas nenhuma alteração de células T CD4+ e células Treg FoxP3+ sugerem uma possível imunorregulação pelo parasita não dependente de células Treg.