Genetic and morphometric comparison of two isolated populations of Barilius bendelisis (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) from the Indian Himalayas

Barilius bendelisis (Hamilton) inhabits cold water drainages of the Himalayan region, occurring near the stream banks. It is an important component of the diet of rural population of Uttarakhand and Jammu. Despite the aquaculture importance of B. bendelisis, no extensive molecular characterization from two geographically isolated rivers, Alaknanda and Chenab, has been conducted. In order to study those aspects, 567 samples of B. bendelisis were analysed and collected from these tributaries of two geographically isolated rivers between March of 2015 and April 2017. The morphometric data were analysed by means of truss analysis using tpsDig2 and PAST, whereas the genetic characterization was performed using the COI gene. In truss analysis 14 landmarks resulting in 90 measurements were studied from the digitized images of the sampled specimens. In total 23 measurements exhibited significant differences among the populations of B. bendelisis. The principal component analysis (PCA) generated seven components explaining- 93.15 % of total variance. Discriminant function analysis (DFA) revealed that 83.8 % of the specimens were classified into their original populations. Truss based morphometry and Maximum likelihood type of phylogenetic tree revealed heterogenicity between the two geographically isolated populations of B. bendelisis.

Barilius bendelisis (Hamilton) habita las aguas frías de de las riberas de los ríos del Himalaya. Es un componente importante de la dieta de la población rural de Uttarakhand y Jammu. A pesar de la importancia de B. bendelisis en la acuacultura, no se reportan caracterizaciones moleculares de los ríos geográficamente aislados, Alaknanda y Chenab. Para estudiar estos aspectos, analizamos 567 muestras de B. bendelisis que se recolectaron de los afluentes de estos dos ríos entre marzo 2015 y abril 2017. Analizamos los datos morfométricos por medio del análisis truss utilizando tpsDig2 y PAST y para la caracterización genética utilizamos el gen COI. En el análisis truss 14 puntos de referencia que resultaron en 90 medidas se analizaron de imágenes digitalizadas de especímenes muestreados. Un total de 23 medidas mostraron diferencias significativas entre las poblaciones de B. bendelisis. El análisis de componentes principales (PCA) generó siete componentes explicando el 93.15 % del total de la varianza. El análisis de función discriminante (DFA) reveló que el 83.8 % de los especímenes fue clasificado dentro de sus poblaciones originales. La morfometría basada en el análisis de truss y el árbol filogenético de máxima verosimilitud revelaron hetrogeneidad entre las dos poblaciones geográficamente aisladas de B. bendelisis.

Coping Characteristics of Women Suffering from Primary Infertility

Introduction: Infertility invokes immense stress, especially in women. Coping skills and characteristics are driven in an adaptive and maladaptive way to deal with the life stressors. The type of characteristic pulled in has a substantial impact on the individual entangled in the life situation. Study was done to know how do they cope with stress. Material and Methods: The present study included a total of 115 female patients who registered in the Gynecology OPD for infertility treatment. 15 were excluded on the basis of Secondary Infertility, Comorbid medical/surgical illness and previous and past history or treatment for Psychiatric diagnoses. They were interviewed on Brief Cope scale, after consent. Questionnaire was explained to them in the language they understood. Data was analyzed using appropriate statistics and software. Result: Highest mean scores was observed for Active Coping. It was followed by engagement in Religious activities and Self Distraction. Analysis between coping skills and various demographic details like Age, Education, Type of Family, Duration of Marriage, Previous treatment taken or not, Duration of ART and Number of ART failures also yielded some statistically significant results. Conclusion: Life stressors invokes imbibed coping skills in response to the situations. Maladaptive patterns usually have negative impacts. It is important to understand the coping patterns in these women to know their maladjustments

Dexmedetomidine Versus Fentanyl As An Adjuvant To Low Dose Intrathecal Bupivacaine In Elderly Patients Undergoing Lower Limb Orthopaedic Surgery

Introduction– Regional anaesthesia is the method of choice for most elderly patients undergoing elective lower limb orthopedic surgery since it results in reduced blood loss and transfusion needs, modification of the neuroendocrine stress response, producing less postoperative delirium and deep vein thrombosis. Subarachnoid block (SAB) is the most commonly used technique for these procedures as this is the low cost, quickest, most predictable and reliable method of regional anaesthesia. In this study, we aimed to compare the effect of low dose bupivacaine plus fentanyl, and bupivacaine plus dexmedetomidine in terms of characteristics of subarachnoid block, hemodynamic changes, postoperative analgesia and side effects in elderly patients undergoing lower limb orthopaedic surgery. Method– The present cross sectional prospective hospital based study was conducted in the department of anaesthesia, pt J.N.M medical college Raipur (C.G.) India, during study period July 2017 to June 2018. Sixty ASA II and III, elderly patients scheduled to undergo elective lower limb orthopaedic surgeries were allocated into two groups to receive either bupivacaine plus fentanyl (group F) or bupivacaine plus dexmedetomidine (group D) intrathecally. The onset and duration of sensory and motor block, maximum sensory block level and time to achieve highest level of block, duration of analgesia, sedation scores, hemodynamic changes and side effects were recorded and statistically compared between two groups. Results– The groups were comparable with respect to age, height, and weight, and ASA physical status.There was no significant difference between both the groups regarding onset time of sensory block and motor block. Group D had significantly longer duration of sensory block. Motor block was prolonged in group D as compared to group F. The mean duration of analgesia in Group D was 214±39.8 min while it was 369± 33.98 min in Group F, which was statistically significant (p=0.0001). There was no significant difference in hemodynamic parameters and side effects between both the groups. Conclusion– Dexmedetomidine and fentanyl as adjuvant with low dose intrathecal bupivacaine provides satisfactory anesthesia and analgesia with haemodynamic stability in elderly patients undergoing lower limb orthopedic surgeries. However, the clinical advantage of dexmedetomidine over fentanyl is that, it prolongs duration of block and provides excellent quality of post–operative analgesia compared to fentanyl

Impacted mandibular third molar: Comparison of coronectomy with odontectomy

Damage to the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) while extracting lower third molars is often caused by the intimate relationship between the nerve and the roots of the teeth. The aim of this study was to compare the sequelae of coronectomy with odontectomy in impacted mandibular third molars. Patients and Methods: This study included thirty patients which were divided into two groups, Group-I (test group) including 15 patients undergoing coronectomy and Group-2 (control group) of 15 patients undergoing odontectomy. Investigations included digital orthopantomogram. The parameters for this study included pain, swelling, nerve paresthesia, trismus, postoperative infection, postoperative wound dehiscence, postoperative pocket depth, and migration. Results: In Group-1 (coronectomy group), the patients underwent follow-up for 6 months to evaluate migration of the retained mandibular third molar root which was in proximity with the IAN. There was a mean increase in migration when the distance from the inferior border of IAN until the apex of the retained mandibular third molar root was measured which was by 3.43 mm after 6 months of follow up. Conclusion: On statistical analysis, the result in this study showed no statistical difference in both the groups in all the parameters that were taken.

Chryseobacterium Indoloegenes Meningitis in a Patient with Ventriculo-peritoneal Shunt.

Chryseobacterium indologenes organism is mostly confined to water and soil and has been isolated from patients in hospitals with severe underlying disease with indwelling devices and implants. Despite its low virulence, it has been found to be inherently resistant to many antibiotics. A rare case of meningitis was reported by C. indologenes in an 18-year-old patient treated for hydrocephalous with meningitis with an indwelling ventriculoperitoneal shunt, who was successfully managed with levofloxacin and gentamicin and discharged. This case report describes identification and isolation of C. indologenes on the basis of biochemical and microbiological analysis along with clinical signs and symptoms of meningitis with an indwelling ventriculoperitoneal shunt.

To compare intrapartum cardiotocographic (CTG) recording with conventional intermittent auscultation during labor.

Standard evaluation of fetal well-being during labor includes the periodic assessment of the fetal heart rate (FHR), its pattern and response to intrapartum stimuli and events. Effective methods of evaluation and meaningful interpretation of FHR data range from non-invasive techniques like Intermittent Auscultation, continuous electronic fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring to invasive techniques of fetal blood gas analysis and fetal ECG.

Giant mediastinal haemangiopericytoma: An uncommon case.

Haemangiopericytoma is a rare soft tissue tumour characterised by tightly packed tumour cells situated around thin walled endothelial lined vascular channels, ranging from capillary sized vessels to large gaping sinusoidal spaces. The tumour cells are surrounded by reticulin and are negative for muscle, nerve and epithelial markers. The diagnosis of extra-pulmonary intra-thoracic, extra-pleural mediastinal mass is difficult. It constitutes only 6% of all primary tumours and cysts of the mediastinum. We report the rare occurrence of primary intra-thoracic, extra-pulmonary mediastinal haemangiopericytoma of mesenchymal origin with perivascular localisation. The patient underwent right postero-lateral thoracotomy and postoperatively received chemotherapy with adriamycin (60 mg/m2) on day 1 and ifosfamide (1.5 g/m2) on day 1 to 3. Thirtyseven months after the operation, the patient has been well with evidence of a single recurrence in the left lower lobe.

Planting geometry to optimize growth and productivity in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and soil fertility.

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) responses to alteration of its ambient environment leads to certain modification in the crop phenology, yield attributes and economic yield. To know the extent and pattern of response by faba bean to alterations, a two year field experimentation was carried out with two crop establishment methods (i) flatbed planting (ii) raised bed planting, four planting geometry (i) 30X20 cm(ii) 30X30 cm (iii) 30X45 cm and (iv) 45X45cm and three seeding depth. All the treatment (two crop establishment methods, four planting geometry and three seeding depth) were combined together consisting twenty four treatments, were organized in factorial experiment in complete randomized block design (CRBD) with three replications. Data were recorded on growth and development; yield attributes and yield. Soil analysis was done and finally statistical tool were applied to come in to valid conclusion. Raised bed planting proves superior over flatbed in case of seed yield. Square planting architect with 30 cm apart prove better (3690.9 kg ha-1) than other tested planting geometry. Seeding at 10 cm depth showed, significant improvement in seed yield per plant and per ha over other two tested seeding depth. Phosphorus availability was significantly higher in raised bed planting (36.9 kg ha-1). However, available K (kg ha-1) was significantly influenced by planting geometry and seeding depth. It was maximum (155.2 kg ha-1) with 30X 45 cm plant geometry, proved significantly higher than 30X20 cm and 30X30 cm and at par with 45X45 cm planting.

Chemical composition and antibacterial properties of the essential oil and extracts of Lantana camara Linn. from Uttarakhand (India)

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the essential oil composition as well as antibacterial activities of essential oil and leaves extracts of Lantana camara against five bacterial strains. Methods: Essential oil was obtained by hydro-distillation from the leaves and analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The antibacterial activities of essential oil and the leaves extracts were tested by using disk diffusion method against five bacterial strains. Results: Thirty seven compounds were identified representing 98.11% of the total oil, of which trans-caryophyllene (13.95%), bicyclogermacrene (9.77%), α-curcumene (8.57%), sabinene (8.28%), (E)-citral (6.90%), 1,8 cineole (5.06%), α-pinene (4.03%), γ-terpinene (3.83%) and germacrene D (3.13%) were detected as major components. In respect to the antibacterial activities, essential oil showed the high degree of sensitivity against Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus except Pseudomonas aeruginosa while extracts of leaves obtained through petroleum ether, benzene, methanol and water exhibited good to moderate antimicrobial activity against all tested bacterial strains. Conclusions: The present study suggested that M. luteus showed best zone of inhibition for the essential oil as well as aqueous extract among all the tested bacterial strains. The most active extract can be subjected to isolation of the therapeutic antimicrobials to carry out further pharmacological evaluation.

Adenomyoma of common bile duct arising in a type I choledochal cyst.

Adenomyoma can be misdiagnosed as an adenocarcinoma, leading to needless and extensive surgical resections. A 45-year-old woman presented with right hypochondrial pain. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a choledochal cyst. Excision of choledochal cyst with Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy was performed. A segment of dilated common bile duct and an attached nodule was received. Sections from the choledochal cyst showed a cyst wall composed of dense fibrous tissue lined by partially ulcerated columnar epithelium. Sections from the nodule showed interlacing whorls of smooth muscle bundles with entrapped glands. The glands were lined by cuboidal to columnar cells without nuclear atypia. This was recognized as an adenomyoma. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case in which an adenomyoma was found associated with a type 1 choledochal cyst. A review of the existing literature and discussion of theories of genesis and the diagnostic pitfalls are presented.

Comparison of clinical, biochemical and histological features of alcoholic steatohepatitis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in Asian Indian patients.

Background: Alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are significant forms of liver disease and may progress to end-stage liver disease, cirrhosis and potentially malignant complications. The most difficult aspect of establishing a diagnosis of NASH is distinguishing it from ASH. Laboratory markers such as AST, ALT and GGT lack sufficient sensitivity and specificity. Aim: To study the clinical, biochemical and histological differences between non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH). Materials and Methods: Sixty histologically confirmed cases of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and 38 cases of alcoholic steatohepatitis were included in the study. A modified form of scoring system proposed by Yip and Burt was used to grade histological features of NASH and ASH. Results: Mean age was 42.85 ± 12.36 years in ASH group and 35.07 ± 8.06 years for NASH group. Male: Female ratio was 37:1 in ASH and 4:1 in NASH. The mean ALT (P = 0.012), SAP (P = 0.003), serum bilirubin (P = 0.001), AST/ALT ratio (P = 0.03), steatosis (P < 0.001), ballooning degeneration of hepatocytes (P < 0.001), portal inflammation (P < 0.001), Mallory hyaline (P = 0.001), ductular proliferation and fibrosis (P < 0.001) showed a significant difference between ASH and NASH cases. Discussion: Older age, male sex, larger derangement of serum biochemistry, high serum bilirubin, AST/ALT > 1, more ballooning degeneration, portal inflammation, Mallory's hyaline, hepatocytic and ductular cholestasis, ductular proliferation and higher stage of fibrosis favors a diagnosis of ASH. Younger age, high ALT, AST/ALT < 1, higher grade of steatosis and absence of extensive neutrophilic portal inflammation favors a diagnosis of NASH.

Florid xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis masquerading as invasive gallbladder cancer leading to extensive surgical resection.

Xanthogranulomatous inflammation of gallbladder wall can extend and infiltrate adjacent organs which can be mistaken for malignancy on preoperative investigations and, intraoperatively, often leads to extensive surgical resections. Only the histopathologic examination of the specimen allows correct diagnosis. We hereby review clinicopathologic findings of six cases which underwent extensive surgeries on clinical, radiological and intraoperative suspicion of gallbladder carcinoma which turned out to be xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC). There was no evidence of malignancy on histopathologic examination. Xanthogranulomatous inflammation extended into liver, duodenum, colon and stomach in case 1; liver and colon in case 2; liver, duodenum, colon in case 3; stomach, duodenum, colon in case 4; stomach and duodenum in case 5 and duodenum and colon in case 6. Lymph nodes in all the six cases showed reactive hyperplasia. We present here the clinico-radiologic findings of these cases, techniques which may help differentiate between an XGC and a gallbladder carcinoma and also discuss the management of these cases.

Making and using inexpensive manually constructed tissue micro-array: Experience of a tertiary care hospital in India.

Background: Tissue micro-array enables the analysis of a large number of tissues simultaneously. Widespread use of this technology is hampered by the high cost of commercial array instruments. We describe our experience of constructing tissue micro-array in a simple method using easily available and inexpensive instruments. Materials and Methods: We used an 11-19 gauge (G) bone marrow trephine biopsy needle/ small sized slotted screwdriver to punch holes in the wax blocks. Cores were taken from donor tissue blocks using a bone marrow trephine biopsy needle and arrayed into host paraffin wax blocks. A detailed database was constructed for each array constructed. Results: The array blocks were used over a period of one year as internal control for immunohistochemistry (IHC), quality control and research. It took about 10 minutes to construct a nine-dot array and about one hour for a 56-dot array. During IHC, the average loss of control dots was less than one per cent. We did not see any loss of antigenicity in the control sections even after four weeks storage. Discussion: Tissue array construction by the technique described here is inexpensive and reliable alternative to automated instruments. Because it is easy to modify the arrays by varying the core size, it is easy to adapt this to individual labs and requirements. We recommend using blocks with cores in 3 × 3 to 5 × 4 grids as controls in IHC and for standardizing antibodies and array blocks with a larger number of cores for research.

Foreign objects in genitalia: Homicide with destruction of identity –A case report.

Sadistic homicides are probably more common than would be expected from reading the literature, where only a few cases are mentioned. In the present case an unclothed dead body of 25 year old female was found in the forest area by the police. On postmortem examination, we found crushed head by heavy hard blunt force (a heavy stone with blood stains recovered near body). After killing her, assailants tried to destroy her identity by burning the face and disfiguring the head. In this case beside common findings of homicide as usually seen in sexual murder cases; there was unique finding of a wine bottle introduced into vagina probably out of frustration. Body also had postmortem abrasions over different parts of the body. Postmortem fractures of multiple ribs were present on both sides of the chest. The death was due to crushed injuries to head caused by hard blunt force, which was sufficient to cause death in ordinary course of nature. We also discuss the possible scenario of psycho-pathology of accused in such cases.

Characterization and management of municipal solid waste of Srinagar-Garhwal.

Characterization and physico-chemical composition of municipal solid waste of Srinagar-Garhwal, a hill town of Uttaranchal were carried out to know the composition of solid waste for its efficient management. A total of 28,56,500 kg (2,856.5 tonnes) of solid waste was produced per annum. A disposal site away from the open bank of Alaknanda has been suggested. 1,500 m3 volume of land will be required for the land filling of half of the solid waste generated in Srinagar town. In addition to it, 60 numbers of trenches (size 10 m x 3 m x 1 m) with clear spacing of 2.0 m will be required for the composting of remaining half of the solid waste. A list of suggestions has also been made for reducing the waste generation at source.