A case of retinal cavernous hemangioma analyzed with optical coherence tomography angiography

Retinal cavernous hemangiomas is a rare vascular tumor, isolated and non-progressive. This tumor is incidentally diagnosed on fundus examination and visual impairment can be rare presentation from vitreous hemorrhage, pre-retinal traction, hyphema, or macular scarring. The tumor has typical appearance of grape-like clusters of dilated vascular sacs with variable surface gliosis. Characteristic imaging findings aids in diagnosis. Newly emerged imaging tool is optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT A) which obtains high-resolution visualization of retinal vasculature in non-invasive fashion. In the present case report, we analyzed various diagnostic tool available for retinal cavernous hemangiomas; illustrating on the OCT A features.

Odontogenic Tumour Patterns- An Introspective Analysis.

Odontogenic tumours encompass a diverse group of uncommon tumours that are frequently aggressive in their biological behaviour. They comprise 2.4% of all the lesions biopsied in the dental office. Odontogenic tumours have for years been recognized for presenting clinical & histopathological challenges arising from epithelial, ectomesenchymal and/or mesenchymal elements of tooth forming tissues. Understanding of the most common and rare odontogenic tumours will be of great use in their study and clinical management. Histological patterns and sub-patterns are characteristic of particular tumours, hence serve as a proverbial beacon to arrive at a confirmatory histopathological diagnosis. The molecular mechanisms of Epithelial Mesenchymal Interaction have long been studied as a basis for these versatile tumour patterns. Morphogenesis and cell differentiation in the developing tooth are controlled by a series of reciprocal interactions between the epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. In these rare neoplasms, there is lack of information about ectomesenchymal interactions which is involved in the pathogenesis of these tumours. Our paper aims to assess the validity of tumour pattern as a unique prognostic parameter for odontogenic tumours.

A study of knowledge about malaria and treatment seeking behaviour in two tribal communities of Manipur.

The study was conducted on a sample of 250 tribal people of Manipur state, comprised of 125 from the urban valley population and 125 persons from rural tribals settled on hilly area at a higher altitude. The finding shows that knowledge regarding transmission of malaria, self protection and treatment seeking behaviour is still poor among the tribal communities of Manipur. However the urban tribals had better knowledge regarding diagnosis of malaria and prevention of mosquito breeding than their rural counterparts.

paragonimiasis in Manipur.

A survey was undertaken in the east district of Imphal valley of Manipur, India, using an intradermal test with saline extract of adult Paragonimus westermani as test antigen to find out the prevalence of paragonimiasis and some of the epidemiological factors attributable to it. A total of 3,467 individuals of both sexes aged five years and above were tested. A total of 2934 persons admitted eating crabs and among them 234 were found reactive to Paragonimus antigen. The prevalence rate observed was 6.7 per cent. The proportion of positive reactors (8.0%) among the crab eaters compared to 0.1 per cent among those who did not eat crabs was highly significant (P < 0.01). The difference in the prevalence rates in different age groups and different sexes was also found to be highly significant. The habit of eating raw and or undercooked crabs had significant correlation with skin reactivity. The intradermal test was found to be a good screening test for mass surveys due to its simplicity, low cost, high sensitivity and no known untoward reaction. Four persons among the skin positive reactors presented with cough, pain in the chest, recurrent haemoptysis as major clinical manifestations. Laboratory investigations revealed Paragonimus eggs in the sputum smears, raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and high absolute eosinophil count in their blood. Praziquantel, the drug of choice was given at a dose of 25 mg per kg body weight 3 times a day for three consecutive days to each patient for a cure.