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Since ancient times, poor nutrition has been the primary culprit of iron deficiency, especially in the school going adolescent girls. There may be a number of factors that contribute to this. The production of affordable, wholesome, and practical foods is a challenge for the food industry. Spirulina platensis, a microscopic and filamentous cyanobacterium is a blue-green algae that is considered to be one of the ancient life forms on Earth. To increase the nutritive value and to provide other vital nutrients, best wholesome cereals must be chosen over or in combination with refined flour. Here, quinoas, soy flour and amaranth come in the picture. The preparation of pancake premix and the final product was done in the department of food and nutrition, school of home sciences , BBAU Lucknow in the duration of nine months from September 2023 to May 2023. The assessment was successful and yielded genuine beneficial outcomes. The spirulina pan cakes excel in terms of flavour, aroma, and mouth feel. The panellists found the pancake's green tint to be somewhat objectionable.
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Omeprazole, a Proton pump inhibitor, is widely prescribed in patients with chronic gastroesophageal reflux. Patients continue to use omeprazole for long period of time even without the supervision of the doctor. The authors report a 50-year-old male patient with a 5-year history of omeprazole use, who complained of chest discomfort. ECG on admission showed atrial fibrillation. Laboratory findings showed hypomagnesaemia, hypocalcaemia, and hypokalemia. The case report emphasizes the importance of patient education regarding the use and adverse drug reactions of the prescribed medications.
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Background: Every year, May 28 is considered as the Global Menstrual Hygiene Day. Many studies have revealed that most of the adolescent girls had incomplete and inaccurate information about the menstrual physiology and hygiene. Hygiene related practices during menstruation are of considerable importance, as it has a health impact in terms of increased vulnerability to reproductive tract infections (RTI) and other health problems. Aim & Objectives: To find out the menstrual hygiene practices and their association with socio-demographic characteristics of study participants. Material and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 286 school going adolescents girls in the age group of 11-19 years in 5 schools (three government and two private) in the rural area of district Muzaffarnagar. Study was conducted in December, 2021 using a pre- designed, pre-tested questionnaire. Data was analysed statistically and chi square test was applied. Results: Most of the girls achieved menarche at the age of 10-13 years (79.7%). Mothers of around 83.5% girls were illiterate and these girls were less aware about menstrual hygiene practices. Only 63% girls knew about menstruation before menarche. According to 75.5% girls, source of menstrual bleeding was vagina and only 65.7% girls knew about the physiology of menstruation. Conclusion: The study shows that there is significant lack of knowledge among girls regarding menstruation. Only 62% girls use sanitary pads as absorbent material due to various reasons like shyness, high cost, etc. Majority of girls had restrictions of not touching kitchen items and not to take bath during menses. There is a need to make the girls aware regarding menstrual hygiene by various health awareness programs in schools and the community.
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Background: COVID-19 was declared pandemic by WHO on 30th January 2020 and to cure it, No specific antiviral treatment has been developed yet, therefore only preventive measures such as; facemask, regular hand washing, social as well as physical distancing, respiratory etiquettes and vaccination against Covid-19, are proven methods of its control and prevention. Objectives: To study the knowledge, Attitude and Practices among people about COVID-19 vaccine and find out various socio-demographic factors for its decision making. Material &Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted among the persons attended the tertiary care center to get vaccine against COVID-19 at Government Medical College, Badaun, UP. Results: Out of all respondents, majority (77.2%) of them accepted to get the vaccine as soon as available. 81.5% of respondents were male and more than half (60%) of them were unmarried. More than three fourth (77.5%) of respondents were unemployed and nearly one third (32%) belonged to BPL category. As per study, majority of respondents (86%) and (71.8%) said that vaccine is safe and effective way to control and prevent COVID-19, respectively.(77.2%)respondents who accepted that vaccine should be taken as soon as available, more than half (57%) of them said that doctor's recommendation is an important factor in vaccination decision-making.Conclusion: The most important factor for vaccine hesitancy is the occurrence of mild to moderate adverse effects following immunization, and this may be the biggest challenge in the global response against the Covid-19 pandemic.
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Background: Breast malignancy is one of the highest ranked malignancy occurring among Indian females, overall incidence being 25 per 1, 00,000 females varying across different states. Breast cancer surgeries are one of the commonest surgeries being conducted which is considered to be a clean procedure pretending to be at lower risk of complications. However it is has been observed that patient develops surgical site infection at an increased rate approximately 19% which leads to poor quality of life, increased hospital stay and delay in commencement of adjuvant therapies. The aim is to Co-relate risk factors for surgical site infection in patients undergoing surgery for carcinoma of breast. The objective of this study was to observe the relation of surgical site infection and its associated risk factors in the patient undergoing surgery for carcinoma breast.Material & Methods:We analyzed 50 patients diagnosed with carcinoma breast and operated for the same in Teerthanker Mahaveer Medical College & Research Centre, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh. Patients were divided into two groups, Group A who develop surgical site infection and Group B who don抰 develop surgical site infection. All the predisposing factors including age, BMI, Addiction, co morbidity, Neo-adjuvant therapy, preoperative total leucocyte count were recorded. An observation was done with above mentioned risk factors and correlated with development of surgical site infection.Results:In our study we found that the risk factors associated with surgical site infection post breast cancer surgeries were age, BMI, co morbidity, Addiction and Neo-adjuvant therapy.Conclusions:Patients of Age more than 50years or who underwent Mastectomy or having associated co-morbidity with co-relation to Smoking & BMI more than 30, with Increased TLC count or who have received Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy are associated with increased risk of SSI following breast surgery which has led to increased hospital stay. There are many other studies who also concluded the relation of above factors with development of SSI post breast surgery, however further research is needed to elucidate the effect of prior manipulation and radiation therapy in development of SSI.
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Dengue is an emerging illness in India, where it is endemic in some areas and sometimes causes yearly epidemics. Each dengue outbreak starts with high death and morbidity, which has a significant socioeconomic impact. As of September 30, 2022, India had 63,280 dengue cases, according to information provided by the National Centre for Vector Borne Diseases Control. North India is most severely impacted by each outbreak. In Uttar Pradesh, the state with the most population in India, there have been 2060 confirmed cases of dengue and 1 mortality till September 2022 reported. Patients are being reported from semi-urban, rural, and urban areas. It is essential to properly monitor disease cases through disease surveillance in order to ensure prompt case management if dengue outbreak control is to be achieved. An efficient diagnostic approach for early diagnosis is urgently required to reduce the severity of the sickness, the length of the hospital stay, and clinical consequences.
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Background: Era’s one of the utmost scourges is air pollution, owing to not only its impact on climate change but also its impact on public and individual’s health due to combined morbidity and mortality. Objectives: The current study was intended to monitor the air quality data from two districts of Chhattisgarh, namely Raipur and Korba, so that policymakers will be able to take corrective measures to control individual’s health‑related issues associated with polluted air. Methods: All air samples were collected from around Raipur and Korba city of Chhattisgarh and submitted to the Chester LabNet, a laboratory based in 3 Oregon, USA, for analysis. Particulate matter (PM2.5) was determined by using the gravimetry technique and used the X‑ray fluorescence 4 technique to detect the presence of heavy metals. Results: PM2.5 levels in all samples in Raipur and Korba ranged from 131.4–653.8 µg/m3 to 150.3–1699.2 µg/m3 which is 2.18–10.88 and 2.5–28.3 times higher than standards prescribed by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) of 60 µg/m3 . Heavy metals such as silica (Si), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), and manganese (Mn) levels were recorded higher than the standard level reported by the National Ambient Air Quality Standards in locations of Raipur and Korba, Chhattisgarh. Conclusion: Although Chhattisgarh, a state in Central India covered with 45% forest, but it is suffering from low air quality due to developing township and industrial area, which is causing a lot of commotion in the local community. At this time, the government should approach to take immediate action and measures to control air pollution and to reduce the terrible impact on the health of local citizens.
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Background: Ageing population is increasing globally year by year. Around 15% of adults aged 60 and above suffer from a mental disorder and depression being the commonest among them. Geriatric mental health and physical condition are more important for perceiving good quality of life. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in three old age homes of South Delhi. Data was collected using a structured, pre-tested, validated questionnaire - Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). After obtaining consent from the participants, the required number of samples (n=105) were collected through systematic random sampling method. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS v21. Results: Overall prevalence of depression was found to be 73.3%. Of which 26.7% had mild depression, 31.4% had moderate depression and 41.9% had severe depression respectively. Statistical significance (p<0.05) was found between married, illiterate, female by gender, those with no regular income, those who had associated co-morbidities, participants whose family/friends did not visit regularly and depression. Conclusion: Increased prevalence of depression among the geriatric population residing in old ages indicates the growing mental health burden and the need for it to be identified at early stage and treated with proper therapeutic measures.
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@#Introduction: Osteoarthritis (OA) is estimated to be the fourth leading cause of disability in the general population. It probably is the most common disease of joints in adults throughout the world. Knee OA accounts for more than 80% of the disease’s total burden and as per an estimate in US population, it affects at least 19% of adults aged 45 years and older. This was a randomised study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of platelet rich plasma (PRP) as a treatment modality for osteoarthritis knee in comparison to arthroscopic management. Materials and methods: This study was conducted from 2018 to 2020 at a tertiary care teaching hospital, under reference number ELMC&H/RCELL2019/39. A total of 70 patients of osteoarthritis knee with grade 2-3 according to the Kellgren-Lawrence classification were selected using computer generated random number among them 35 patients were subjected to arthroscopy (Group II) and 35 were administered platelet rich plasma injection (Group I) and evaluated at 3, 6 and 9 months of follow-up. Both the groups were assessed and scored with the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) and Visual Analog Pain Scale (VAS) to compare pre-treatment and post-treatment values. As all the patients in the sample was followed-up, resulting into no loss of subjects. Result: Overall, percentage reduction in VAS score at 3 months, 6 months, and 9 months was 24.45±9.09, 18.45±11.60 and 8.29±14.19%, respectively in Group I and 18.96±5.85, 7.33±8.60 and 3.20±7.39%, respectively in Group II. A statistically significant difference between two groups was observed at 3- and 6-months’ time intervals only (p<0.05). Overall, percentage reduction in WOMAC score at 3 months, 6 months and 9 months was 24.03±11.41, 17.45±9.24, and 9.49±9.80%, respectively in Group I and 11.27±5.73, 5.70±4.78, and -0.13±5.06%, respectively in Group II. At all the three-time intervals, the difference between two groups was significant statistically (p<0.001). Conclusion: This study suggested that both PRP as well as arthroscopy provide a reduction in WOMAC and VAS scores for pain among cases of knee osteoarthritis. Most effective reduction is observed at three months follow-up which thereafter tends to diminish. Of the two modalities, PRP seemed to have an edge over arthroscopic debridement, however, this efficacy was more pronounced for KellgrenLawrence Grade 2 as compared to Grade 3.
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Background: cardiac surgery is associated with the occurrence of pulmonary complications, which may be defined as any pulmonary condition that occurring during the post-operative period which may produce dysfunction that is clinically significant and may adversely affects the clinical course. Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of flutter device on airway mucus clearance, physiological parameters, and arterial blood gas analysis in patients with coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) in during Phase 1 cardiac rehabilitation. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 patients postoperative CABG surgery were randomly assigned to receive either experimental group along with flutter device and control group received conventional physiotherapy, outcome measure include arterial blood gas analysis, physiological parameters, and sputum amount. Result: This control trial of 5 days gave result that flutter device and conventional exercise have an effect on PCO2 and sputum index both experimental and control group while there was effect on PO2 in the investigational group and pulse rate in control group. Flutter device when analyzed from baseline to 5th post-operative day sputum score and PCO2 analysis. Other measures showed no significant differences. Conclusion: Flutter device should be incorporated as a routine practices along with other chest physiotherapy techniques during Phase 1 of cardiac rehabilitation, which can have positive results in the quality of life and improving overall functional status in subjects following CABG, thereby minimizing the hospital stay.
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The advent and spread of antimicrobial resistance has led to a global public health emergency necessitating development of new antimicrobial drugs. Community acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP) contributes a major portion of societal burden with increasing morbidity due to evolution of drug resistant strains. Lefamulin is a novel pleuromutilin antibiotic with unique mechanism of action through inhibition of protein synthesis by binding to the peptidyl transferase center of the 50s bacterial ribosome. The drug displays activity against Gram positive and atypical organisms associated with CABP (i.e., Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumonia, Legionella pneumophila, and Chlamydophila pneumoniae), with an expanded Gram-positive spectrum including Staphylococcus aureus (i.e., methicillin-resistant, vancomycin-intermediate, and heterogeneous strains). Lefamulin is available in both intravenous (IV) and per oral (PO) formulation, exhibits high nonlinear plasma protein binding with low unbound concentrations, higher concentrations in lung epithelial lining fluid (ELF) than in plasma, and a half-life of approximately 10 hour. The recommended IV dose is 150 mg twice daily over 1 hour or a PO dose of 600 mg twice daily. Most common adverse drug reactions injection site reactions, hepatic enzyme elevation, nausea, diarrhoea, hypokalemia, insomnia, and headache. Clinical trials for lefamulin have been positive and Phase 3 data suggest similar efficacy when compared to moxifloxacin with or without linezolid in CABP. Also, the documented resistance and cross-resistance with other Gram-positive antibacterials remains low. With Nabrivia Pharmaceuticals having already received US FDA approval in August 2019, lefamulin may soon be a new addition to the mounting armoury of drugs against CABP.
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Aim: Alternaria blight caused by Alternaria lini is one of the major diseases of linseed which severely affects the yield and productivity. Here, we utilizes F2 mapping population derived from a resistant (JRF-4) and a susceptible (Chambal) genotypes of linseed and SSRs to identify the markers associated with Alternaria blight resistance using bulk segregant analysis approach. Methodology: A population consisting of 154 F2 individuals was developed from the cross between JRF-4 (resistant) and Chambal (susceptible). All 154 F2 individuals were screened with 100 polymorphic SSRs to identify extreme phenotype. Two bulk of extremes phenotypes (disease resistant and disease susceptible) from F2 mapping population were used for the bulked segregant analysis. The SSR primers that distinguished the parental lines were used to amplify the DNA from two bulks and banding pattern was observed to identify the SSRs that can differentiate the resistant and susceptible phenotypes bulk for Alternaria blight. Markers validation was carried out by amplifying DNA from individual plants of each bulk. Results: Out of 100, only 10 markers showed polymorphism among the bulks and of which only three markers viz., LUSc 898_3_12, Lu 2472 and Lu 3078 were able to differentiate the disease resistant and susceptible individuals from F2 population. Further, single marker linear regression approach was used to validate the association of selected polymorphic markers with the disease. The markers LUSc 898_3_12 and Lu 2472 showed significant regression which confirmed their linkage with Alternaria blight resistance. Interpretation: The two markers having significant regression can be used for diseases resistance breeding during marker assisted selection.
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Background: In spite of the weak health care delivery system, the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) of the state of Manipur as reported in the Sample Registration System Bulletins has been consistently very low (≈11 per 1,000 live births) for the last five years or so. This warranted a study to re-affirm it and also to explore the important reasons of why and how the IMR could be brought down to very low levels. Objectives: The study objectives were to make an estimate of IMR in the Rural Field Practice Area (RFPA) of JN Institute of Medical Sciences, Manipur and also to assess the important infant-care practices starting from before the child is born till infancy. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was done in the RFPA of JNIMS during Sept-Oct 2018. Using a pre-tested semi-structured and semi-open interview schedule that had sections on socio-demographic profile, details of infant deaths and infant-care practices starting from ante-natal visits, information were collected from a scientifically calculated sample size of 150 women who had live births in the last one year prior to the study, immaterial of the survival status of the infant. Data collected were analysed and presented by using descriptive statistics. Results: Not even a single infant died in the last one year. Better infant care practices were seen in the study area when compared to the latest NFHS-4 Report for the state of Manipur. Some of these important better practices were pregnant women having ≥ 3 ANC visits (98%), institutional delivery rate (94%), conducting home deliveries by skilled health personnel (22.2%), exclusive breastfeeding rate (77.3%) and proportion of infants aged 6-12 months adequately fed (35%). Conclusion: The estimated IMR in the study area was zero. The better infant-care practices prevailing in the study area might have averted infant deaths.
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Background: Gravity lumbar reduction therapy is one of the traction modality that uses gravitational force created by the lower part of the body while suspending the patient in erect position for treating patients with symptomatic prolapsed intervertebral disc. The efficacy of various forms of traction in treating such cases has not been quantitatively analyzed; rather their efficacy is based on empirical information. Objective: The current study was done to observe the changes in intervertebral dimensions after gravity lumbar reduction therapy in patients with prolapsed inter-vertebral disc. Methods: An interventional clinical trial was done in the Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, JNIMS, Imphal during the period Oct 2017-June 2018. Thirty (30) consecutive, MRI confirmed symptomatic prolapsed inter-vertebral disc cases who could achieve 900 of inclination on gravity lumbar reduction device were the study-subjects. Measurements of intervertebral dimensions were compared in digital x-ray lateral views taken before and after 30 minutes of suspension on specially designed gravity lumbar reduction device. Results: Gravity lumbar reduction therapy produces significant changes in mean inter-vertebral heights at L2-L3, L3-L4, L4-L5, L5-S1 levels with mean (SD) changes in anterior, middle, posterior and foramina heights (in mm) of 0.92 (2.14), 1.87 (1.82), 2.28 (1.44), 3.65 (2.19) respectively with improvement in disability, pain and other clinical parameters. Most prominent separation was seen in posterior margin L4-L5, and least separation at anterior margin at L4-L5. Conclusion: Gravity Lumbar Reduction Therapy could be an effective, low cost easy method of lumbar traction in symptomatic lumbar inter-vertebral disc prolapsed cases.
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Background & objectives: Dengue virus (DENV) causes outbreaks and sporadic cases in tropical and subtropical countries. Documenting intricacies of DEN outbreaks is important for future interventions. The objective of this study was to report clinical, laboratory and epidemiological features of DEN outbreaks reported in different districts of Central India in 2016. Methods: In 2016, outbreaks (n=4) suspected of DEN were investigated by rapid response team. Door-to-door fever and entomological surveys were conducted. Blood samples were collected and tested using NS1 or IgM ELISA; real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was done to identify serotypes of DEN virus (DENV). NS1-positive samples were tested for the presence of IgG by ELISA. Clinical and demographic data were collected and analyzed. Results: Outbreaks occurred in both urban and rural areas in monsoon season and Aedes aegypti was identified as the vector. Fever, chills, headache and myalgia were the major symptoms; no fatality was recorded. Of the 268 DEN suspects, 135 (50.4%) were found serologically positive. DEN positivity was higher (n=75; 55.56%) among males and in the age group of 16-45 yr (n=78; 57.8%). DENV 3 followed by DENV 2 were detected as the major responsible serotypes. High attack rates (up to 38/1000) and low cumulative IgG prevalence (14.9%) were recorded in rural areas. Interpretation & conclusions: Our study showed that DENV 3 was the major serotype responsible for outbreaks that occurred in monsoon. High attack rates and lower number of secondary infections in rural areas indicated that DENV is emerging in rural parts of Central India. Early diagnosis at local level and timely intervention by mosquito control activities are needed to avoid such outbreaks in future.
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Aim: To synthesize and characterize stable silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from the root extract of Saussurea lappa, a medicinally important plant. The AgNPs was further evaluated for their antibacterial activity. Methodology: The biosynthesised AgNPs were characterised by change in colour pattern and confirmed by UV–Visible spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Results: UV-Vis spectroscopy study showed characteristic surface plasmon band (SPR) of synthesized AgNPs at 418 nm. FTIR studies revealed presence of some biomolecules responsible for reduction, stabilization and capping agents towards these synthesized AgNPs. TEM analysis revealed that the size of AgNPs ranged between 7.13 – 24.0 nm and had spherical shape. XRD data showed face-centered cubic (fcc) nature of AgNPs. The synthesized AgNPs showed significant antibacterial activity against one Gram positive (Bacillus cereus) and one Gram negative (Escherichia coli) bacterial strain. Interpretation: The biologically synthesized nanoparticles from the root extract of S. lappa were stable and showed enhanced antibacterial activity against both type of bacterial strains and could be utilized for industrial and remedial purposes.
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One of the most commonly employed methods of treatment for Lumbar disc herniation with leg pain is epidural steroid injection. Of the three routes being deployed, inter-laminar approach is preferred as needle entry can be directed more closely to the assumed site of pathology, requiring less volume than the caudal route and it is less risky compared to the trans-foraminal approach. For effective placement of the spinal needle in the epidural space, use of C-arm is a must. But, the operation theatre and C-arm is not available in most of the health centers in the developing countries especially in rural settings. Time taken to set up is another issue. To improve the success rate of needle placement in “blind method” of ILESI, we have developed a technique of using digital X-ray of lumbo-sacral spine, which is available universally nowadays, to measure the depth of the epidural space and level of the targeted inter-vertebral space. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of measurements in plain roentgenograms of lumbo-sacral spine in guiding needle placement into epidural space. Methods: A prospective study was taken up in the Dept. of PMR, JNIMS during the period May 2017- Feb 2018. 56 consecutive clinically diagnosed prolapsed PIVD patients were enrolled. Lengths of spinous process and skin thickness were measured using a caliper. A 22G Quincke needle was advanced to the expected depth given by digital xray measurement. 1 ml of Iohexol dye was injected. Position of needle was checked by C-arm x-ray. Results: Out of the total 56 subjects, 46 (82.1%) completed the treatment program. Needle was placed at proper depth in 36 cases by using Xray measurement, giving success rate of 87.8%. Mean (SD) depth of epidural space from skin was found to be 3.82 (o.74) cm as measured from X-ray and actual measurement confirmed by fluoroscopy was 3.9 (0.81) cm (Pearson’s correlation coefficient =0.86). Conclusion: Measurement of depth of epidural space using plain X-ray of LS spine improves the success rate of blind MILESI from around 50% to 87.8%. This method of non-real time imaging is cost effective in developing countries where C-arm X-ray facilities are not available
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Light chain myeloma (LCM) has a reported worldwide incidence of approximately 15%–20% among all multiple myeloma (MM) patients. Few western studies have shown strong correlation of LCM with anemia, higher International Staging System scores, proclivity to renal failure, elevated lactate dehydrogenase levels, raised serum-free light chain ratio, higher frequency of extramedullary plasmacytomas, and poorer overall survival, attributable probably to lack of differentiation and skeletal destruction. The primary aim of this retrospective observational study was to define the clinical and hematological characteristics as well as prognostic outcome of Indian LCM patients in comparison with the IgG and IgA subtypes. Patients were defined according to the International Myeloma Working Group diagnostic criteria 2016 and staged as per the International Staging System. Out of 104 patients of newly diagnosed MM in which results of serum immunofixation (IFE) were available, 65 were of IgG isotype (62.5%), 15 had IgA (14.4%), and 24 had light chain myelomas (LCMs) (23.1%). It was observed that LCM patients significantly correlated with hypercalcemia and higher serum-free light chain ratios, whereas IgA patients were strongly associated with anemia and lower serum albumin levels. However, no difference was found among the three subgroups in terms of serum lactate dehydrogenase levels, proclivity to renal failure, presence of lytic bone lesions, prognostic scoring, pretransplant chemosensitivity, and progession-free survival (1 year). Thus, it may be concluded that Indian LCM patients have significantly different clinico-hematological profile in comparison with other published studies worldwide. Also, their prognostic outcomes are not worse when compared with patients of other protein isotypes, probably due to standardized treatment regimens applied.
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Background: Congenital anomalies are important cause of morbidity and mortality in newborns and are defined as structural and functional abnormalities including metabolic disorders present at birth. These defects are of prenatal origin resulting from defective embryogenesis or intrinsic abnormalities in the process of development and are associated with various risk factors.Methods: Our study is a cross sectional study done at Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal over period of 3 years from January 2015 to December 2017. Aim of study was to find out incidence of congenital anomalies and proportions of different types of congenital anomalies. Outcome was studied in relation to maternal age, religion, parity, and gestational age, sex of the baby, outcome and sex of the baby.Results: Total numbers of congenital anomalies were 257 babies out of 29879 births giving the incidence of 0.86%. Most common congenital anomalies in this study are musculoskeletal followed by craniospinal, genitourinary, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal. It was more common in preterm babies and parity 1-3, more common in 21-30 years of maternal age. Consanguinity was seen in 7 out of 257 patients.Conclusions: Congenital malformations are a major cause of still births and infant mortality. Targeted scan should be done at 18-20 week to find out anomalies and reduce the prevalence. There should be widespread education in the community regarding the common congenital malformations, their outcomes and possible available mode of treatment
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Background: Indiscriminate use of drugs and cosmetics among a pregnant woman is always a challenge in the antenatal care for health-care providers especially in developing countries. There is a potential risk to the growing fetus due to irrational use of drugs and cosmetics during pregnancy awareness, and adequate knowledge of their use can prevent many drug-induced complications during pregnancy. Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the awareness among pregnant women regarding the use and safety of drugs and cosmetics. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in various antenatal clinics of the state of Punjab. 500 pregnant women were enrolled in the study and the questionnaire was prepared in the local language to assess the knowledge and beliefs of pregnant women. Data analysis was done using Chi-square test. Results: A very few pregnant women had knowledge that drugs have any effect on the fetus and less than half believe that drugs should be taken only by consultation by the doctor. Majority pregnant women believe that sufficient time and attention are not given by a doctor during an appointment. Only 2% of women had the idea of antenatal sessions. More than half of the pregnant women considered alternative remedies to be more safe in pregnancy while a very few had the idea that cosmetics are safe in pregnancy. Conclusion: Thus, it can be concluded that the majority of participants in the study have poor knowledge regarding benefits and adverse effects of the use of drugs and cosmetics during pregnancy.