Correlation between choroidal thickness and intraocular pressure control in primary angle-closure glaucoma

Purpose: To study the correlation between choroidal thickness (CT) and IOP control in primary angle?closure glaucoma (PACG). Methods: In total, 61 patients (102 eyes) with PACG underwent subfoveal CT (SFCT) scanning using enhanced depth imaging–optical coherence tomography. The subjects with PACG were further grouped as controlled IOP (?21 mm Hg on maximal medical therapy) and uncontrolled IOP (>21 mm Hg on maximal medical therapy). The average CT of the PACG eyes was calculated and compared between both groups. A correlation analysis was done between CT and intereye difference in CT with the disease parameters. Results: The mean CT was 274.38 ± 42.10 ?m in 102 PACG eyes. SFCT was significantly increased in the uncontrolled IOP group as compared with the controlled IOP group. The mean SFCT was 245.57 ± 62.10 ?m in the controlled group and 294.46 ± 51.05 ?m in the uncontrolled group (P < 0.01). Factors associated with a thicker choroid were younger age, high IOP, and higher optic nerve head cupping (P < 0.001). Neither the visual field?mean deviation (VF?MD) nor pattern standard deviation (PSD) was found to be associated with overall CT. The intereye asymmetry between CT was significantly associated with poor VF?MD and PSD. Conclusion: PACG eyes with thicker choroid may be a risk factor for poor IOP control on medical anti?glaucoma therapy. Thicker choroid as compared to the fellow eye is a poor prognostic sign and these eyes should be monitored closely

Re-Modelling of North Indian Talus: A Pressure Effect of Squatting Position

Background: Anatomical variations of the skeleton provide information on daily activities, living conditions, cultural behaviour and health problems of any society. Squatting is a good example of such behaviour/function producing skeletal markers due to remodelling, on the bones of lower limb by putting strong pressure and traction forces on the knee and ankle joints. It is associated with modifications of the neck of the talus (squatting facets) and its trochlear- malleolar surfaces (trochlear extensions). Methods: An observational analytical study was designed to observe anatomical variations in 616 dry, macerated human tali of both sides in north Indian population where squatting is a part of regular behaviour. Differences in the form and extent of this facet, trochlear extensions or articular (malleolar) extensions may be noted. Results: The frequency of occurrence of these facets and extensions has been found to vary considerably in different races. A much more pronounced forward prolongation has been found to be present in the north Indian talus in this series. A high frequency of forward prolongation of medial articular surface in Indian population suggests that, not only the squatting posture and habitual sartorial posture (palthi position/ tailor position) but the prevalence of walking for long distances may be responsible for this. Conclusion: The results provide an opportunity to study the relationship between past and modern population, and also describe the daily activity of life and cultural structure. Anatomical variations of the neck of the talus (squatting facets) and its trochlear- malleolar surfaces (trochlear extensions) can be of help in pathologies of foot for reconstruction and rehabilitation procedures. It will also provide ethnic data for anthropologists and forensic experts about talar variations and would be of direct relevance in anatomy teaching

Accessory Infraorbital Foramen And Morphometric Localization Of Infraorbital Foramen In North Indian Region.

Abstract: Background: Aim of present study was to note the frequency of accessory infraorbital foramen in north Indian population and to determine the distance of infraorbital foramen from various anatomical landmarks in adult dry human crania. Methodology: 64 adult north Indian dry human crania of unknown age and gender were analysedfor the presence ofaccessoryinfraorbital foramen and their unilateral or bilateral prevalence was calculated.Shortest distance between the infraorbital foramen from midline, pyriform margin, nasion, infraorbital margin, anterior nasal spine and frontozygomatic suture was measuredon both sides in each craniawith Vernier caliper accurate to 0.1 mm for linear measurement.Observations thus made were compiled and tabulated followed by comparison using appropriate statistical tests. Results: Prevalence of accessory infraorbital foramen is 7.81%, while bilateral prevalence of accessory infraorbital foramen is only 1.56 %, however unilaterally accessory infraorbital foramen is present in 6.25% (2.34 % on right side and 3.9 % on left side). Mean shortest distance of infraorbital foramen from midline was 34.78 ± 3.19mm, while mean shortest distance between the infraorbital foramen to the pyriform margin was 21.26 ± 2.78 mm.Mean shortest distance of infraorbital foramen to the nasion andinfraorbital marginwas 44.95 ± 4.62mm. and 6.58 ± 1.59 mm respectively.Mean shortest distance of infraorbital foramen to the anterior nasal spine and frontozygomatic suture was 36.63 ± 3.16mm.and 35.62 ± 1.98 mm respectively. Conclusion: The knowledge of the distances from surgically encountered anatomic landmarks may be of assistance in locating these important maxillofacial neurologic structures during many procedures. Understanding the location of these foramina will also assist the clinician in performing local anesthetic blocks.

Variations of Mastoid Foramen in North Indian Population.

Background: Non metric cranial variants have always been a topic of considerable interest for research workers, as they possess racial, regional and sex dimorphic differences. These variants are also of anthropometric, genetic, morphological and forensic importance. Material and Methods: 71 skulls from north indian region were studied to analyse the prevalence of variations in number and location of mastoid foramen and to draw significant inferences. Results: Prevalence of absent mastoid foramen is 5.19%, while bilateral prevalence of absent mastoid foramen is only 1.29%, however unilaterally mastoid foramen is absent in 3.9%. Prevalence of single, double, triple and quadruple mastoid foramina was 75.97%, 19.48%, 1.95% and 2.6% respectively. Amongst all mastoid foramina in 71 skulls, 23.38% foramina were exsutural, out of which 20.13% were present on temporal bone and 3.25% were present on occipital bone. Conclusions: Findings are discussed and compared with other global studies and are found to be of considerable racial and regional significance. Knowledge of this variant can be valuable in some neurosurgical procedures.

A study of mastoid foramen in adult north Indian crania.

Background: Non metric cranial variants have always been a topic of considerable interest for research workers, as they possess racial, regional and sex dimorphic differences. These variants are also of anthropometric, genetic, morphological and forensic importance. Material and methods: 71 skulls from north indian region were studied for one of such variant, absence of mastoid foramen and presence of multiple mastoid foramen. Results: Incidence of absent mastoid foramen is 7.04 %, while bilateral incidence of absent mastoid foramen is only 1.4 %, however unilaterally mastoid foramen is absent in 5.63 %. (2.8 % on right side and 2.8 % on left side). Incidence of multiple mastoid foramina is 12.67 %, out of this it is bilateral in 8.45 %, however unilaterally it is present in 4.22 %. ( 1.40 % on right side and 2.81 % on left side).Conclusions: Findings are discussed and compared with other global studies and are found to be of considerable racial and regional significance. Knowledge of this variant is valuable in some neurosurgical and otolaryngeal procedures.