Effect of life course factors on dental fear among adult dental patients attending out-reach clinics in a rural area of Southern India

Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the effect of life course factors on dental fear among adult dental patients attending out?reach clinics in a rural area of South India. The objectives were to measure dental fear and changes in socio?economic status during the life course among the study population and to know whether social mobility reduced/increased dental fear. Methods: Dental fear scale and life course data were collected from 403 respondents. The improvement status of individual life course criteria was categorised into “less/minimal”, “stable”, or “upwardly mobile”. Results: The odds of dental fear in the group showing less or minimal upward social mobility was two times that of the stable group [p = 0.022; 95% confidence interval (C.I): 1.104–3.598], whereas the odds of dental fear in the group showing more or good upward social mobility were 4.5 times that of the stable group [p = 0.001; 95% C.I: 1.928–10.515] when adjusted for covariates, that is, participant age, gender, and education and past history of dental avoidance. Conclusion: Social mobility was found to be a risk indicator for dental fear. Dental services may have been affected even with increased standards of living because of psychological factors such as dental fear.

Morphometric Analysis Of Tendoachilles Tendon With Its Clinical Implications

Background: Tendoachilles tendon, the strongest and thickest tendon of the body, is formed by tendons of soleusand gastrocnemius begins near the middle of the back of leg and is inserted to the midpoint of the posteriorsurface of the calcaneum. Normal morphometric measurements of Achilles tendon serve as an important landmarkin its anthropometric evaluation and biomechanical attribute. The morphological changes in the tendon sizeprovide important health information for the management of various clinical conditions related to Achillestendons like simple tendinopathy or acute ruptures of it etc.Aim: The current study aimed at finding out the detailed morphometric measurements of the Achilles tendonwhich can be of substantial use to clinicians for determining any pathological conditions associated withtendoachilles.Materials and Methods: Total 108 lower limbs from 54 donated embalmed cadavers (31 males & 23 females) ofage between 55 to 85 years were procured for dissection. The study was carried out in the department of AnatomySMIMER Surat.Results: Present cadaveric study found that the length of tendoachilles was significantly high in male than infemale and no statistically significant difference in length of tendoachilles between right and left side werenoted. The width of the tendoachilles at origin between the right and left side tendons was statistically significant.Discussion: We found that the length of Tendoachilles was significantly high in male than in female and alsowidth of the tendoachilles at origin was more on right side. Being a frequent site for rupture, degenerative changeand inflammation, knowledge pertaining to normal morphometric measurements of Achilles tendon is imperativebefore determining any pathological variations associated with the tendon and

A Comparison of the Bleaching Effectiveness of Chlorine Dioxide and Hydrogen Peroxide on Dental Composite

This study was carried out to verify if composites could be bleached using chlorine dioxide as compared with hydrogen peroxide. 3M ESPE Filtek Z350 Universal Restorative discs were prepared (n=40), with dimensions 5 mm diameter x 2 mm thickness. The discs were divided into 4 groups of 10 discs each. Color assessment was performed by CIEDE2000. The discs were stained with coffee, tea, wine and distilled water (control) solutions for 14 days, 5 hours daily. Color assessment was repeated on stained discs and followed by bleaching of 5 discs from each group using chlorine dioxide and hydrogen peroxide in-office systems. Finally, a last color assessment was performed and compared statistically. DE2000 after bleaching was very close to baseline for both the bleaching agents, although chlorine dioxide showed better results than hydrogen peroxide. After staining, there was a clinically significant discoloration (∆E2000≥3.43) for the tea, coffee and wine groups, and discoloration (∆E2000) was seen more in the wine group as compared to tea and coffee. Overall, the control group (distilled water) had the least color change in the three intervals. After bleaching, the color in all specimens returned close to the baseline. The color differences between bleaching and baseline were less than 3.43 for all groups. The obtained results show that chlorine dioxide is slightly superior to hydrogen peroxide in the bleaching of composites, while maintaining the shade of the composite close to the baseline.

Este estudo foi realizado para verificar se resinas compostas podem ser clareadas com uso do dióxido de cloro, em comparação com peróxido de hidrogênio. Foram preparados discos com resina restauradora Filtek Z350 3M ESPE (n=40), com dimensões 5 mm de diâmetro × 2 mm de espessura. Os discos foram divididos em 4 grupos de 10 discos cada. A avaliação da cor foi realizada por meio do CIEDE2000. Os discos foram manchados com soluções de café, chá, vinho e água destilada (controle) por 5 h diárias durante 14 dias. A avaliação da cor foi repetida nos discos manchados e seguida por clareamento de 5 discos de cada grupo, utilizando dióxido de cloro ou peróxido de hidrogênio pela técnica de consultório. Finalmente, uma última avaliação da cor foi realizada e as técnicas comparadas estatisticamente. DE2000 após o clareamento foi muito próxima ao baseline, para ambos os agentes clareadores, embora o dióxido de cloro tenha mostrado melhores resultados do que o peróxido de hidrogênio. Após o manchamento, houve uma descoloração clinicamente significativa (ΔE2000≥3,43) para os grupos de chá, café e vinho, sendo que o clareamento (ΔE2000) foi melhor obtido com o grupo do vinho, em comparação com chá e café. No geral, o grupo controle (água destilada) teve a menor mudança de cor nos três intervalos. Após o clareamento, a cor em todos os espécimes voltou próxima ao baseline. As diferenças de cor entre o clareamento e o baseline foram inferiores a 3,43 para todos os grupos. Os resultados indicam que o dióxido de cloro é ligeiramente superior ao peróxido de hidrogênio no clareamento de resinas compostas, mantendo a cor próxima à escala do baseline.

Anatomy of accessory maxillary sinus ostium with clinical application.

Background: The “osteomeatal complex” of the middle meatus is a group of anatomical structures that includes; principle maxillary sinus ostium and accessory maxillary sinus ostium. Its beauty lies in its complexity. This osteomeatal complex contributes to the final common drainage pathway of maxillary, anterior ethmoidal and frontal sinuses. Principle maxillary sinus ostium (PMO) is universally present in all population while if extra opening is present in addition to principle maxillary sinus ostium then this is called accessory maxillary sinus ostium. The principle maxillary sinus ostium is opened in the Hiatus semilunaris and it is located on the highest part of medial wall of maxillary sinus as compared to accessory maxillary sinus ostium. Accessory maxillary sinus ostium located in the anterior nasal fontanelle (ANF), posterior nasal fontanelle (PNF), and hiatus semilunaris. Aims & Objective: The endoscopic sinus surgeons must have a detailed knowledge of inconsistent situation of principle maxillary sinus ostium (PMO) and accessory maxillary sinus ostium as there are important structures like orbit superiorly and nasolacrimal duct medially lying adjacent to medial wall of maxillary sinus where above said openings are situated. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out in the department of Anatomy of government medical college, Surat and Surat municipal institute of medical education and research (SMIMER) where 54 cadaveric heads were cut in midsagital section into 108 half heads and then incidence, location and side of accessory maxillary ostium was studied. Results: Among 108 half heads, accessory maxillary ostium was found in 20 (18.5%) half heads. Out of these 20 half heads, in 12 (60%) half heads accessory maxillary sinus ostium is present on right side while in remaining 8 (40%) half heads, it is on the left side. Similarly out of these 20 half heads, 16 (80%) half heads shows unilateral accessory maxillary sinus ostium either on right side or on left side while 4 (20%) half heads shows bilateral accessory maxillary sinus ostium. Out of these 20 half heads, 7 (35%) half heads shows double AMO (which includes 4 (20%) in ANF on the left side, 2(10%) in PNF on the right side and 1 (5%) in HS on the right side) while 13 (65%) were single in number (which includes 9 (45%) in ANF on both left and right side, 4 (20%) in PNF). All double accessory maxillary sinus ostia situated in the ANF and HS were placed in horizontal plane whereas accessory maxillary ostium which was situated in the PNF was placed vertically. Accessory maxillary sinus ostium was varies in size and shape. These accessory maxillary sinus ostia were 0.5 to 5 millimeters in size and round or oval in shape. Similarly out of these 20 (18.5%) half heads in which Accessory maxillary sinus ostia were present 70% Accessory maxillary sinus ostia were found in the anterior nasal fontanelle (ANF), 25% in posterior nasal fontanelle (PNF), and 5% in hiatus semilunaris (HS). Most of the accessory maxillary sinus ostia (65%) were single in number at the various places while double accessory maxillary sinus ostia were also found 20% in the ANF, 10% in the PNF 5% in the HS. Conclusion: Clinically the presence of accessory maxillary sinus ostium is extremely beneficial for surgical intervention of the functional endoscopic sinus surgery which is designed to remove the blockage of maxillary sinus ostium and to restore normal sinus ventilation and mucociliary function.