Analysis of pulsotypes of salmonella typhi isolates and their clinical profiles in typhoid fever patients.

A study of genotyping (pulsotyping) of Salmonella typhi (S. typhi) isolates using pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) methods was performed to examine their genetic diversity, and relationship between genetic characteristics and clinical outcomes. Sixty-six S. typhi isolates obtained from sporadic hospitalized typhoid fever cases were used in this study. Four isolates were found identical and the dendogram constructed showed 33 pulsotypes in which 13 of them can be divided into 30 subtypes. Diversity among them were high as shown by the Dice coefficients that ranged from 0.486 to 1.000. Cluster analysis showed 2 main clusters with 65% degree of similarity, suggested that they were not originated from one clone. Further, at 90% degree of similarity, 9 clusters containing at least 3 isolates were determined to explore any possible existence of relationship between genetic profile and particular clinical outcomes. Clinical manifestations ranged from mild to severe were in fact distributed diversely among these clusters. Although the clinical data obtained were incomplete, 2 out of 4 patients infected by the S. typhi belonged to cluster 1 showed an elevation of total bilirubin, whereas it was not found in 19 other patients distributed in other 8 clusters. Even though specific clinical manifestations were apparently not found to relate with particular clusters of genotypes, S. typhi isolates grouped in cluster 1 seemed to show trophism to hepatobiliary system.

Study of genetic diversity of Salmonella typhi using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.

DNA genomes of Salmonella typhi (S. typhi), which were isolated from sporadic typhoid fever cases who were hospitalized in Persahabatan Hospital, Jakarta, during the 1st semester of 1998, were examined for their genetic diversities. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of genomic DNA digested with Xbal was performed for 25 isolates. Electrophoresis patterns of most isolates varied and 18 PFGE types were identified. Cluster analysis showed that all isolates originated from two main groups; and at ≥ 84% level of similarity, 7 clusters were found. Thus, the results showed that genetic diversity of S. typhi was considerably high, and that S. typhi isolated from sporadic typhoid fever cases were derived from multiple clones.

Infection of dengue 2 virus strains isolated from patients exhibiting different disease severities to human peripheral blood leukocytes and production of cytokines in the infected culture supernatant.

Three strains of type 2 dengue virus (DV-2), which had been isolated from patients exhibiting different disease severity, were inoculated to primary culture of human peripheral blood leukocytes from 3 healthy donors. The percentage of dengue antigen positive cells was highest for the strain isolated from a case of dengue shock syndrome, followed by the strain isolated from a case of dengue hemorrhagic fever, and lowest for the strain isolated from a mild case of dengue fever (DF). Generally, similar trend was observed for the amount of some cytokines released into infected culture supernatant, such as interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. However, such a trend was not observed for interleukin 1 beta.