Decrease of malaria morbidity with community participation in central Java.

Malaria is still a problem in Java-Bali, although the Malaria Eradication Program started in the 1950's. In the First National Five Year Development Plan it was changed to the Malaria Control Program with the aim to reduce the morbidity and mortality rates through surveillance and spraying interventions using the primary health care approach. In 1984 in Central Java there were malaria areas with an average annual parasite incidence (API) between 1 and 7.5 promille covering about six million population, nearly one third of the population of Central Java. In this study an intervention alternative was carried out with weekly chloroquine prophylaxis to children below 10 years of age in 3 malaria areas of central Java, namely the villages Bedono Kluwung and Kalikutes in Purworejo Regency and Pablengan in Karang Anyar Regency. Health education about malaria with a learning module was conducted by key persons as an element of community participation. The activities of the key persons increased the ongoing surveillance. After one and a half years intervention (July 1985-February 1987) the spleen rates, parasite rates and fever cases dropped to nearly zero in the three study villages. From the results of this study it was recommended that in a malaria risk area with an API of more than 1 promille, intervention with collective chloroquine protection to children below 10 years of age could reduce the API to 1 promille or less. This intervention should be carried out if there is an increase of cases in the area to prevent small outbreaks.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Reinfection and infection rates of soil-transmitted-helminths in Kemiri Sewu, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

A study on the reinfection and infection rates of soil-transmitted helminths was conducted in Kemiri Sewu, Godean District, Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta Special Province, Indonesia, from August 1988 to June 1990. A total 61 individuals rendered Ascaris lumbricoides egg-negative by drug treatment were used in the reinfection study and 412 individuals found negative for Ascaris eggs in the pretreatment stool examination were used for the infection rate study. In both groups, children had higher and faster reinfection and infection rates than adults. The start of reinfection was 4 months after treatment, and the start of infection was at the 1st month. At 20 months after treatment, the reinfection rate of ascariasis was 14.8% and the infection rate was 11.4% among both children and adults. There were 140 subjects rendered Trichuris trichiura egg-negative by drug treatment, and 317 Trichuris egg-negative at the pretreatment stool examination which were used in the reinfection and infection rates studies. In general, the reinfection rates of T. trichiura among adults were higher than those among children. The start of reinfection was 4 months after treatment, and the infection was at the 1st month. At the end of 20 months, the reinfection rate was 36.4% and the infection rate was 21.8% among both children and adults. A total 83 subjects rendered Necator americanus egg-negative by drug treatment and 365 N. americanus egg-negative at pretreatment stool examination were used in the reinfection and infection rate studies. Throughout the study, adults had always higher reinfection and infection rates than children, while adults males had higher reinfection rates than adults females. The start of reinfection was 4 months after treatment, and the start of infection was at the 1st month; they were 25.3% and 9.3% respectively. At the end of 20 months, the reinfection rate was 65.1%, and the infection rate was 47.9% among both children and adults.

Studies on the prevalence of hookworms in the dog's intestine and the pathology of the intestinal wall.

During the period January to April 1977, 34 dogs were autopsied and examined for hookworms in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, A. caninum was found in all 34 dogs (100%), A. ceylanicum in 33 dogs (97.1%) and A. braziliense in 7 dogs (20.6%). The dogs yielded 2,213 ancylostomes, of which 1,188 were A. caninum, 989 A. ceylanicum and only 36 were A. braziliense. All species of hookworms appeared to be more concentrated in the jejunum than in the duodenum or ileum. The lesion produced, proved to be a traumatic injury and was mostly superficial and never reached the submucosa.