[ study of participating factors of age- related cataract among patients referred to ophthalmology centers under supervision of Tehran university of medical sciences]

Cataract is opacity of the lens that distorts the image projected onto the retina and that can progress to blindness. Behind rheumatoid arthritis and coronary artery diseases, cataract is one of the prevalent factors causing disability in the aged people. It could be mentioned that cataract causes 50% of people's blindness all over the world. The aim this study is evaluation of age related cataract among the patients referring to ophthalmology centers. This is a descriptive, mono variable and mono group study. The samples included in this study were 322 patients who were suffering from age related Cataract. Sampling method is based on the availability and the purpose of the study. Data [individually predisposing, environmental, systematic and other factors in patients' profile] were collected through filling questionnaire and interviewing samples. The majorities of the samples were 65-75 years of age, housewives, BMI 25-30 kg/m[2], illiterate and had insufficient monthly income. Chi square test indicated a significant relationship between the age of the patients, and their siblings who were suffering from cataract, wearing sun hat, Hypertension, taking Aspirin and Atenolol, high blood urea and creatinine, foods [animal fat, red meat with low fat, cereals] [p<0/050]. Moreover, there was significant relation between gender and BMI, cigarette smoking, space of work place, wearing sun hat, Radiation Hypertension, Hyperlipedemia, Rheumatoid Arthritis, using supplementary, Atenolol, Statines and blood creatinine [p<0/050]. The results of this study were same as previous studies. The study indicated significant relation between age related cataract and individual, environmental, systematic factors, some of drugs [medicines] and increase of blood urea and creatinine

effect of diabetes on induced pain of formalin and baclofen analgesia in rats

One of the side effects of diabetes epidemic today in the world is painful neuropathy, the reasons and treatments of which are un- known. Due to the importance of the problem of pain treatment as one of the harmful phenomena in life, this research studies the effect of continued diabetes on the formalin induced pain and Baclofen analgesia in rats. Moreover, the effect of Baclofen as a non-opiate, analgesic drug on the increased pains in the quiescent phase as the model of diabetic pain is investigated. The method is experimental, evaluating the pain level through conducting the formalin test in 3 groups of rats. The first group was divided to control [injection normal saline] and diabetic [injection aloxan 100 mg/kg] which were tested, after one to four weeks from the beginning of diabetes, the second one was divided to a new control and diabetic group, and before performing formalin test, the Baclofen [10 mg/kg] was injected to them. And the third one was divided to two diabetic groups that received Baclofen and normal saline and then the pain of the quiescent phase was compared in them. The results indicate that diabetes increases formalin induced pain [P<0.05] and remained with continued diabetes. It also indicates that diabetes establishes increased pain in the quiescent phase [P<0.05], yet, it has had no influence on the Baclofen analgesic effect on the first phase of formalin test but increased it on the second phase. Moreover, Baclofen can quiet the increased pain in quiescent phase [P<0.05] very well. Due to the results of this study it seems that diabetes, with the changes in the central and peripheral pathways of the pain and also pain control, increases the pain. More studies are required for determining its mechanisms. These changes are accompanied with weakening the internal anti pain systems such as Gaba ergic, which can be treated with Baclofen. Diabetes has no interaction with the Baclofen's analgesic effect, so, Baclofen may be recommended as an effective drug to comfort painful diabetic Neuropathy