Effect of dextromethorphan on antinociception and tolerance induced by swim-stress in the formalin test

Incisional hernias are common and recurrence after repair has been reported in up to 44% of patients. Large incisional hernias of the abdominal wall represent substantial defect of supportive tissues. Twenty-nine patients with large incisional hernias underwent surgery from January 2003 through December 2005. Herein, we presented our experience in closure of large incisional hernias using a technique in which we combine a fascia with a prosthetic repair. The variables recorded were classified as patient-related [gender, age, obesity, cough, constipation, diabetes mellitus, glucocorticosteroid therapy, smoking habit, and abdominal surgical history] and operation-related factors [size of defect, recurrence, wound infection, hematoma, and duration of hospital stay]. The repair was performed for 25 midline hernias and four large incisional hernias in the right subcostal region. Four patients were females and 25 were males with a mean age of 52 [range: 30 - 77] years. The mean size of fascial defect was 12.7x4.5 cm. The mean time of operation was three hours and 18 minutes. The mean hospital stay was six [range: four to ten] days. Two patients had recurrence during the follow-up period. The mean follow-up period was 16 [range: eight to 26] months. The combined three-layer fascia and mesh repair can be successfully used for large incisional hernias

effects of dopamine receptor agents on swim stress-induced inhibition of naloxone-induced jumping behavior in morphine-dependent mice

In the present study, interactions of dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists with water swimming stress [WSS] on naloxone-induced jumping in morphine-dependent mice were examined. Mice were rendered dependent as described in the methods section. The opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone [1 mg/kg], was injected to elicit jumping [as a withdrawal sign]. The first group exposed to WSS in the presence or absence of dopamine receptor drugs, before naloxone injection, in order to test the interaction of dopamine receptor mechanisms with WSS on expression of jumping behavior. When the animals were exposed to WSS for periods of 0.5, 1 or 3 min, 15 min prior to naloxone injection, WSS administration for a period of 3 min decreased the expression of jumping, but not diarrhea induced by naloxone. The Dl receptor agonist, SKF38393 [l-phenyl-7,8-dihydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-3-benzazepine hydrochloride; 8 and 16 mg/kg], Dl receptor antagonist, SCH 23390 [R-[+]-8-chloro-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-methyl-5-phenyl-lHbenzazepine=7-ol maleate; 0.0025 and 0.005 mg/kg], D2 receptor agonist, quinpirole [0.3 and 0.5 mg/kg] and D2 receptor antagonist, sulpiride [50 mg/kg], potentiated the inhibition of jumping induced by WSS. Quinpirole, but not other dopamine receptor agents, increased diarrhea. In the second group of animals, effects of the dopamine receptor drugs; during development of morphine dependence, in the presence of WSS administration were tested. Administration of apomorphine [1 and 2 mg/kg] or SKF 38393 [8 mg/kg] in the presence of WSS, during the development of morphine dependence increased jumping, while quinpirole [0.5 mg/kg] decreased diarrhea. In contrary, neither sulpiride nor SCH 23390 did not alter jumping or diarrhea induced by naloxone. It could be concluded that dopamine receptor mechanism[s] and/or WSS could be related the development of morphine dependency