Variations in the Median Cubital Vein: A Conceptual Review

The median cubital vein, connecting the basilic and cephalic veins in the cubital fossa, is used for routine clinical procedures such as phlebotomy, insertion of intravenous cannulas, critical investigations, cardiac angiography and stent placement. Numerous variations regarding the arrange- ment of the median cubital vein are mentioned in the literature, such as classical or N-type, M-type, I-type, absence of cephalic vein in the arm, doubled median cubital vein, median cubital vein as the venous arch. In majority of the population either classical type or N-type variation has been documented. Significant percentage of the population have an absence of median cubital vein, replaced by the median cephalic and median basilic veins. Geographical differences in frequencies of variations of the median cubital vein have also been documented. In the background of the clinical utility, it rises paramount importance for medical personnel to know about the anatomical variations of the cubital vein. Lack of awareness would incur needless harm and suffering to the patient and delay investigation and treatment modalities. Therefore, we intend to do a comprehensive review of the variations in the median cubital vein.

Histological Changes in Anterior Cruciate Ligament after Injury

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is very common worldwide, frequently associated with sports trauma. Often, ACL tear necessitates reconstruction by replacing the entire ligament. Despite ACL reconstruction being performed widely, there is still lack in restoring the anatomical functions. Histological studies have demonstrated that the injured anterior cruciate ligament has numerous vessels and fibroblasts proliferation potential with continuous collagen turnover after 13–20 weeks of injury. Therefore, the ACL has healing potential and the remnants of injured ACL can be used for repair/reconstruction procedures. A better understanding of histological characteristics of injured ACL ligament will add further knowledge for finding new treatment techniques for ACL repair

A Rare Variation Of Great Saphenous Vein: A Case Report

Variations of great Saphenous Vein are clinically important because of its role in varicose veins recurrence andas application as an autograft for coronary angioplasty. The incidence of Great Saphenous Vein duplicationcited in medical literature ranges from 0.97% to 49%. The present case discusses a rare duplicated and meshappearance of Great Saphenous vein and its clinical applications. Great Saphenous Vein and its duplication,both started separately from dorsal venous arch of left foot in a 60 years old male cadaver during routinedissection. They were connected by three venous communications during their course and drained as a singlevein at saphenofemoral junction after uniting at the level of apex of femoral triangle. Thorough understanding ofanatomical variations of great saphenous vein and its tributaries are important ensuring the effective diagnosisand treatment of varicose veins.

Sternoclavicularis - A variant of Pectoralis Major Muscle.

A rare muscle sternoclavicularis was found in a large triangular gap between the sternocostal and clavicular heads of Pectoralis Major muscle on the right side during routine cadaveric dissection. Sternoclavicularis was seen to arise from the anterior surface of manubrium sterni and the capsule of sternoclavicular joint and was inserted on the anterior surface of middle one third of the clavicle. It was supplied by the lateral pectoral nerve. Sternoclavicularis muscle may help in stabilizing the clavicle and may partially fill the triangular deficit in the origin of the Pectoralis Major. This variation may be of particular interest to plastic surgeons, orthopaedic surgeons, radiologists and neurologists. It may mimic a tumour at this site.