Simultaneous Analysis of Four Standards of The Herbal Formula, DF-02, of Ephedra intermedia and Rheum palmatum, using by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Ultraviolet Detector (HPLC-UVD)

The herbal formula, DF-02, consisting of Ephedra intermedia and Rheum palmatum are used for the treatment of the metabolic diseases such as obesity and liver fibrosis in Korean local clinics. We aimed to develop the simultaneous analytical conditions for four standards, (+)-pseudoephedrine (PSEP) and (−)-ephedrine (EP) for E. intermedia, and aloe-emodin (AE) and chrysophanol (CP) for R. palmatum using HPLC-UV techniques. The validated conditions yielded the high precision (relative standard deviation (RSD) 0.9994). As a result, four standards of DF-02 were simultaneously determined under the developed method, which will be utilized for the quality control or evaluation of DF-02 and many herbal preparations containing E. intermedia and R. palmatum.

Optimization of Extraction Conditions for Active Compounds of Herbal Medicinal Formula, DF, by Response Surface Methodology

DF formula is comprised of three traditional herbs, Ephedra intermedia, Rheum palmatum and Lithospermum erythrorhizon, and locally used for treating of the metabolic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes in Korea. We tried to optimize the extraction conditions of two major components, (−)-ephedrine and (+)-pseudoephedrine, in DF formula using response surface methodology with Box-Behnken design (BBD). The experimental conditions with 70% for EtOH concentrations, 4.8 hour for extraction hours and 8.7 times for the solvent to material ratio were suggested for the optimized extraction of DF formula with the highest amounts of (−)-ephedrine and (+)-pseudoephedrine in the designed model.

Development of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine and change of medical policy in China / 의사학

"Sect of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine" came into the world four hundred years ago when Traditonal Chinese Medicine(TCM) contacted Western Medicine(WM) at the begining of 17th century. It collected historical experiences showing that the cooperation of TCM and WM is more efficient for the cure and prevention of disease than each of them separately. Now the recognition that the cooperation of eastern and western medicine is more efficient to cure disease is spreading widely. This study will help Korean eastern and western medicine to find their directions. First, the concept of "sect of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine" which was established between the beginning of 17th century and the middle of 20th century, and Integration of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine(ITCWM) which was formed after the middle of 20th century will be discussed. The relationship of "sect of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine" and ITCWM and political consideration for the establishment of ITCWM will also be discussed. Finally, the current status of ITCWM in China will be discussed. New trends of thought appeared in Chinese medicine, owing to the cultural background of modern China, the development of WM, and the academic backgound of the intellectual class. "sect of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine" and ITCWM are different in historical and social background. However, purpose, foundation of thoughts and logical idea are fundamentally same. It can be said that "sect of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine" provided academic mood to open the way for ITCWM and ITCWM is a succession of "sect of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine". The concept of ITCWM has many ways of explanation. However, it can be said to build up the foundation of new medical area including Chinese special way of medical treatment and new methods of modern medicine, succeeding a legacy of TCM. ITCWM began before the establishment of People's Republic of China. Mao Ze-dong(1893-1976), a powerful politician, and Li Ding-ming(1881-1947) who had many experiences and insight for TCM and WM played important roles at this stage. The period from the New China to the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution(1966-1975) is the term for the establishment of the shape of ITCWM. "The effort of research and development on TCM-WM integration" was adapted as one of hygienic policies for curing of epidemic disease and succession and development of the heritage of TCM to establish new medical area. TCM class for western medical doctors was opened and mass media was used to spread out ITCWM throughout China. During the period of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, ITCWM has to be stepped back and stagnant. Only the TCM class of western medical doctors and some clinical applications were barely keep moving on and alive. From the period of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution to the end of 1980's, there are the movement of re-preparation of ITCWM, education of successors, and the establishment of the Institute of ITCWM. Hospitals began to establish department of ITCWM. Furthermore, it was clearly indicated in the constitutional law that "we not only have to develop modern medicine but also traditional medicine". The equality of TCM and WM was legally established in this time. From the 1990's, "equality of TCM and WM" was adapted as one of the hygienic policies, and department of ITCWM was opened in traditional chinese medical school and western medical school. ITCWM has been settled down as a new academic field through education, training, research, academic activity, and publishing text books. In conclusion, the motive of the development of ITCWM was the policy such as "the effort of research and development on TCM-WM integration" and "equality of TCM and WM" aimed at the development of Chinese medical area. It is no doubted helpful to organize systems and policy-making for the cooperation of eastern and western medicine in Korea.

Classified Collection of Medical Prescriptions / 의사학

In this study, the career and official ranks of the authors of the Sejong text(1443-1445), Sejo text(1451-1464), and Seongjong text(1475-1477) of {Classified Collection of Medical Prescriptions} were investigated. In the completion of Sejong text, Kim Rye-mong(1406-1469), Ryu Seong-won(?-1456), and Min Bo-hua(?) collected and arranged all medical books inside and outside of Choseon; Kim Moon(?-1448), Shin Seok-jo(1407-1459), Lee Ye(1419-1480), Kim Soo-on(1410-1481), Jeon Soon-eui(?), Choi Yun(?), and Kim Yu-ji(?-1469) took part in the edition; Lee Yong(1418-1453), Lee Sa-cheol(1405-1456), Lee Sa-soon(?-1455), and Rho Joong-rye(?-1452) participated in the editorial supervision. Ryang Seong-ji(1415-1482), Son So(1433-1484), Ryu Yo(?), Han Chi-ryang(?), An Geuk-sang(?), Han Kye-mi(1421-1471), Choi Young-rin(?) took part in the completion of Sejo text. Han Kye-heui(1423-1482), Rym Won-joon(1423-1500), Kueon Chan(1430-1487), Ryu Seo(?), and Baek Soo-heui(?) participated in the completion of Seongjong text. All 96 persons participated in the completion of draft text, revision text, and first-publication text of {Classified Collection of Medical Prescriptions}. 14 persons (14.58 %) participated in the completion of draft text. 77 persons (80.21%) participated in revision text, and 5 persons (5.21%) participated in first-publication text. Even though {Classified Collection of Medical Prescriptions} is a medical book, civil officials participated in its completion together with medical officials. The scholars of Jiphyeonjeon(The Jade Hall of Scholars) who led the academy at those days and famous medical officials were ordered to complete it by Sejong(1419-1450), Sejo(1455-1468), and Seongjong(1470-1494) who showed special interest in thier own heath and the health of common people.

A Study on the Korean Traditional Medical Literatures Before Koryo Dynasty / 의사학

So far, the research has not been actively carried out on the oriental medical books of traditional Korean origin, published before Koryo Dynasty. It was attempted in this study for better understanding of current and pre-Koryo Dynasty oriental medicine by introducing and translating those medical books originated from pre-Koryo Dynasty. However, the medical formularies of pre-Koryo Dynasty were written and handed down up to the present rather by Chinese and Japanese medical books. And this study was performed based on these books. It was assumed that Koryonosabang was written by an old master of oriental medicine, Backjaesinjibbang was written by a person who lived in the same period and Sillabubsabang, Sillabubsayugwanbimilyosulbang, Sillabubsabimilbang by a monk doctor during Kokuryo, Backjae and the Unified Silla Dynasty, respectively. Various prescriptions for emergency diseases were introduced in Koryonosabang and many creative clinical treatments were written in Backjaesinjibbang. Those books written during the Unified Silla Dynasty showed medical treatments in conjunction with Buddhism which was major cultural basis during that period. The complete volumes of above mentioned oriental medical books of pre-Koryo Dynasty are not available now, however it can be presumed that the level and quality of Korean medicine of that period was equivalent and even superior to that of Chinese medicine and was even transmitted to Japan as a result.

A Study on Background of Doctrine for Seasonal Febrile Diseases in The Qing Dynasty / 의사학

The seasonal febrile diseases had been studied before Qing dynasty, but it was accomplished in Qing dynasty because of high incidence of the epidemics in those days. I studied and analyzed epidemics in Zai Yi Zhi of Qing Shi Gao on the reasons and patterns as yearly, regional, and seasonal parameters. Based on these analyses, I want to report how the doctrine of seasonal febrile diseases could be established in Qing dynasty. The incidence of epidemics was very high during the regimes of Kang Xi(1662~1722), Yong Zheng(1723~1735), and Qian Long(1736~1795) Emperors, the most advanced period in Qing dynasty. The diseases occurred at least once per two years, although, somtimes twice or 5 times per a year. Once it was developed and then smashed through the whole China, especially in Jiang Nan. It was the main reason why the four greatest scholars in the doctrine of seasonal febrile diseases came out from Jiang Nan. These diseases appeared most highly and worst in summer as pestilence. These resulted in the development of the studies of epidemics in those days. Based on the clinical studies of fever-related diseases, the scholars of seasonal febrile diseases tried to cure them with endless and continuous efforts. Finally, they could complete the doctrine of seasonal febrile diseases in Qing dynasty.