Intelligence Quotient at the Age of Six years of Iranian Children with Congenital Hypothyroidism

Objective: To evaluate the success rate of the Nationalnewborn screening program in maintenance of intelligent quotient(IQ) of children with congenital hypothyroidism in Iran.Design: Retrospective cohort study.Methods: The IQ scores, in three subsets of verbal, non verbal(Performance) and full scale IQ, of 240 children diagnosed withTransient congenital hypothyroidism (TCH) and Permanentcongenital hypothyroidism (PCH), from 5 provinces in 5 differentgeographical areas of Iran, were measured at the age of 6 yearsusing revised Wechsler pre school and primary scale ofintelligence and compared with 240 healthy children. We usedindependent sample t test and two-way ANOVA for data analysis. Results: Mean of verbal, performance, and full scale IQ scoreswere lower in the CH cases (permanent and transient) than thecontrol group. Most of the IQ differences in two studied groupsrelated to the PCH cases (P=0.005). Mean difference of IQsbetween children in the two groups in Yazd province (center ofIran) was higher than other provinces, and they also hadsignificantly lower IQ than their control (healthy) children(P=0.001). No treated child had IQ<70.Conclusion: Although mean IQs of CH children was lower thantheir controls, IQ of all treated CH cases were close to the healthychildren

The Role of Graduated Drivers' Licensing on Incidence and Severity of Road Traffic Injuries In Iran.

Aims: This study investigated the role of graduated drivers licensing, implemented by the Traffic Police of Iran, on reducing the severity and incidence of road traffic injuries. Study Design: It was an evaluation of the effectiveness of intervention by looking at the data before and after intervention. Place and Duration of Study: Data on road traffic crashes and injuries from one year before, one year after and two years after the implementation of educated drivers licensing were obtained from Iran Traffic Police database in 2010. Methodology: In this study the effectiveness of provisional license intervention by looking at the data before and after intervention was evaluated. After data cleaning and stratification of traffic injuries and mortalities, the post-education records of drivers, in their early years of driving experience, were compared against their pre-education driving experience. Results: Drivers under 23 years of age were involved in 22.8% of total road traffic injuries (RTIs) in the year prior to the implementation of graduated drivers licensing. This measure fell to 15.5% and 16.1% in the first and second years following the intervention among the holders of provisional B1 type driving license (p<0.001). Conclusion: Intervention is an effective way of reducing the number and severity of traffic injuries, particularly among the young and novice drivers are at a greater risk of RTIs. Such drivers can particularly benefit from graduated drivers licensing program which is proven to reduce the incidence and severity of road traffic injuries .

Mandatory Child Restraints: A KAP Study among Parents and Nursery Instructors.

Aims: New road traffic injury (RTI) laws in Iran still neglects the importance of child restraint in automobiles. The objective of this study is to determine the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) on the mandatory use of child restraint among parents and nursery instructors. Study Design: An observational KAP study Place and Duration of the Study: City of Tehran capital of Iran, between June 2013 and November 2013. Methodology: An observational KAP study was carried out (using a self-administered questionnaire and a Likert scale) on 403 parents, which children were less than 13 years old and nursery instructors both residing in Tehran by a stratified randomized sampling. Twelve elementary schools and six nurseries were selected randomly. Validity and reliability of questionnaires were determined using the content validity and test re-tests. Subjects were selected randomly and data was collected by trained interviewers, after obtaining consent forms from the subjects. Results: The majority (71%) of parents was female, aged 36.7±5.6 (range: 25-59). Half of the parents did not have any knowledge about child restraint laws and its implementation in the country. The knowledge among subjects about different kinds of child restraints, according to the child’s age and weight, was 22.6%. Only 28% of subjects use child restraints for their children. A significant difference was observed between subjects' use of child restraints and their region of residency. Low use of child restraints was observed among 30-40 years old age group (p=0.05). Willingness to a pay extra cost to buy a better quality of child restrain was 56%. Willingness to participate in a national child restraint educational program was of 70%. The rate of community agreement to a mandatory use of child restraint in the country was 85%. Conclusion: Knowledge and practice related to usage and kind of child restraint adjusted with child weight were low among the parents and nursery instructors. The rate of a community agreement to set a mandatory use of child restraint in the country was high.