Dehydration tolerance and storage sensitivity of Campomanesia adamantium seeds

Cultivating native fruit species depends on the existence of technical and scientific information. In this context, studies on propagation are the basis for other investigations. Campomanesia adamantium is propagated by seeds, and quality seeds guarantee the formation of high-performance plants in the field. This study aimed to analyze the dehydration tolerance and storage sensitivity of Campomanesia adamantium seeds. Experiment 1 evaluated the physiological quality of seeds with moisture contents of 43, 30, 26, 23, 18, 15, and 5%. Experiment 2 determined the seed moisture content, germination, and vigor of seeds depulped and immediately stored at 16 and 25°C, for 25 and 50 days. Seed viability was not affected by dehydration up to 15% of moisture content but decreased at 5%. Drying was accompanied by reduced seed vigor and seedling mass. The germination of unstored seeds was superior to stored ones. Storage at 16°C for 25 days was promising to maintain seed viability. The seeds showed intermediate recalcitrant behavior. Dehydration below 30% reduced vigor, while 5% affected viability. Campomanesia adamantium seeds can be stored for 25 days at 16°C in permeable packaging that maintains approximately 10% of moisture, with germination higher than 60%.

Bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of mangaba / Compostos bioativos e atividade antioxidante da mangaba

The present study aimed to assess the behavior of bioactive compounds and total antioxidant activity of two mangaba varieties (H. speciosa var. gardneri and H. speciosa var. cuyabensis) during storage, in two ripening stages. The fruit were harvested from the Germplasm bank of the School of Agronomy, at two ripening stages: "mature green" (mature fruit picked from the tree) and "fallen" (ripe fruit collected from the ground). After collection, they were transported to the laboratory, washed under running water, immersed in chlorine solution at 100 mg L-1 for 10 minutes, left to dry and stored under ambient conditions (22±1ºC and 90±5% RH). The fruit were analyzed to determine ascorbic acid content, total extractable polyphenols, yellow flavonoids and antioxidant activity using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid). Analyses were performed dailyuntil the mangaba were unfit for sale, using 3 repetitions with 3 fruit each. The maximum conservation time was eight days for "mature green" and two days for "fallen" fruit. The cuyabensis variety exhibited greatest ascorbic acid content at both ripening stages, in addition to higher antioxidant activity, and was therefore found to have the best potential to be marketed as a "superfruit"

O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o comportamento dos compostos bioativos e da atividade antioxidante total de duas variedades de mangaba (H. speciosa var. gardneri e H. speciosa var. cuyabensis) durante o armazenamento, em dois estádios de maturação. Os frutos foram colhidos no banco de Germoplasma da Escola de Agronomia, em dois estádios de maturação, "de vez" (frutos maturos colhidos da árvore) e "de caída" (frutos maduros coletados no chão). Após a colheita, foram transportados para o laboratório, onde foram selecionados, lavados em água corrente, imersos em solução de cloro a 100 mg L-1 por 10 minutos, deixados secar e armazenados sob condição ambiente (22±1ºC e 90±5%UR). Os frutos foram analisados quanto aos teores de ácido ascórbico, flavonoides amarelos e polifenóis extraíveis totais, além da atividade antioxidante total determinada pelo método de redução do ferro (FRAP) e ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid). As análises foram realizadas diariamente até que os frutos se tornassem impróprios para a comercialização, utilizando-se 3 repetições com 3 frutos cada. O período máximo de conservação foi de oito dias para os frutos "de vez" e dois dias para os frutos "de caída". A variedade cuyabensis apresentou maiores teores de ácido ascórbico em ambos os estádios de maturação avaliados, além da capacidade antioxidante mais elevada, mostrando ser a variedade com maior potencial para "superfruta" na comercialização

Quantitative Cellular Evaluation and Anatomical Organization of the External Region of Different Genetic Materials and Maturation Stages of Tomato Processing

Abstract The effect of the anatomical structure of tomato skin may be significant for quality determination at the harvest point, but the definitions of cells that constitute the skin of fleshy fruits, such as tomato, are still unclear, providing contradictory descriptions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidermal tissue of different genetic materials of tomato processing (IT761, U2006, TC2736, CVR2909 and F3060) and maturation stage, in order to compare and choose genetic materials with morphological characteristics of the epidermis region more appropriate for the bulk transport. Micrographs were used for cell measurements using the Image J software. Cuticle undergoes thickening during fruit growth, and reduction in full maturation. Genetic materials presenting fruits with thicker cuticle at the harvest stage (CVR2909, F3060 and IT761) were more advantageous due to their mechanical resistance. Cuticle deposition ends before full fruit maturation, resulting in a decrease in the amount of cutin per surface unit, consequently decreasing cuticle thickness in the ripe fruit. The characteristics observed in the tomato fruit mesocarp clearly showed the disruption of the cell wall during the fourth maturation stage related to loss of fruit firmness. Among the new genetic materials, F3060 has a greater potential to become cultivated for industrialization due to its morphological characteristics, such as elevated cuticle thickness and high values for width, height, perimeter and area of epidermal cells in full maturation stage, which make it suitable for bulk transport.

Vegetative propagation of pequi (souari nut) by cutting / Propagação vegetativa do pequizeiro por estaquia

ABSTRACT: Pequi is propagated mainly by the seminal pathway (seminal route) and presents an uneven and reduced germination. The increasing demand for fruits and seedlings for reforestation indicate the need for new strategies for the propagation of this species which would minimize the negative impact of predatory extractivism on Caryocar brasiliense. The present study aimed to assist the development of a protocol for the cutting of the pequi tree (pequizeiro). Different ages of the matrix plant and levels of foliation and pruning were assessed through the collection (sampling) of cuttings (stakes) from plants in the field. It was noted that cuttings (stakes) from seedlings (young plants) have greater rooting capacity when compared to cuttings derived from adult plants. Pequi leafless stakes failed to root. In contrast, stakes with 50% of leaflets cut from their original size showed 2.5% of rooting whereas those with 6 leaflets showed 22.5% of rooting. Stakes from pruned apical branches exhibited 21.2% of rooting. Both callogenesis and rooting of pequi stakes demonstrated the potential of this particular species from the Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) for cutting.

RESUMO: O pequizeiro é propagado predominantemente por via seminal apresentando germinação desuniforme e reduzida. A crescente demanda por frutos e mudas para reflorestamento indicam a necessidade de novas estratégias para a propagação desta espécie, minimizando os impactos do extrativismo predatório. Objetivou-se com este estudo auxiliar no desenvolvimento de um protocolo para estaquia do pequizeiro, avaliando diferentes idades da planta matriz, níveis de enfolhamento e podas, por meio de coleta de estacas em plantas a campo. Verificou-se que estacas oriundas de plantas jovens possuem maior capacidade de enraizamento, quando comparada às estacas derivadas de plantas adultas. Estacas de pequizeiro sem folhas não enraizaram, embora estacas com 50% de folíolos cortados do seu tamanho original apresentaram 2,5% de enraizamento e com seis folíolos 22,5%. Estacas oriundas de ramos apicais podados exibiram 21,2% de enraizamento. A calogênese e o enraizamento de estacas de pequi demonstram o potencial desta espécie do Cerrado para estaquia.

Germinação de sementes e emergência de plântulas de araticum oriundos do cerrado de Goiás / Seed germination and seedling emergence of araticum from cerrado of Goiás state

O araticum (Annona crassiflora M.) é uma espécie frutífera da família Annonaceae, nativa da região dos cerrados, com ocorrência em todo o Estado de Goiás. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a germinação de sementes de frutos de araticum coletados de populações naturais de plantas localizadas em cinco áreas de Cerrado do Estado de Goiás, tratadas com ácido giberélico (GA3). Determinou-se a velocidade de emergência a cada três dias e o percentual de germinação de sementes, de frutos de 75 plantas. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro blocos e 75 tratamentos. Cada parcela foi composta por 50 sementes de uma mesma planta, totalizando 15.000 sementes. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e aplicando-se o teste F. Houve germinação da maioria das sementes das plantas de cada área, mostrando que, independentemente do vigor, a dosagem utilizada de ácido giberélico foi adequada. Em média a percentagem de germinação variou de 12,81% em Vila Propicio a 28,81% em Campos Belos. Na planta 10 de Campos Belos observou-se a maior média para germinação (66%) e a menor média de dias necessários para a emergência (49 dias). As sementes provenientes de frutos de araticum das cinco áreas de Cerrado em estudo, apresentam diferenças na percentagem de germinação e na velocidade de emergêngia. As diferenças de germinação ocorrem entre plantas na área e entre áreas.

Araticum (Annona crassiflora M.) is a species of native fruit of the Annonaceas family which grows in the whole State of Goiás, Brazil. The objective of this work was to evaluate the germination of araticum fruits seeds collected of natural populations of plants located in five areas of Cerrado of the State of Goiás, treated with gibberellic acid (GA3). It was determined speed of emergency to each three days and the germination percentage of seeds, fruits of 75 plants. The used delineation was of randomized blocks, with four blocks and 75 treatments. Each parcel was composed for 50 seeds of one same plant, totalizing 15.000 seeds. The data had been submitted to the variance analysis and applying test F. It had germination of the majority of the seeds of the plants of each area, showing that, independently of the vigor, the used dosage of gibberellic acid was adjusted. On average the germination percentage varied of 12.81% in Vila Propicio 28.81% in Campos Belos. In plant 10 of Campos Belos observed it bigger average for germination (66%) and the average minor of necessary days for the emergency (49 days). The seeds proceeding from of araticum fruits of the five areas of Cerrado in study, present differences in the germination percentage and the speed of emergency. The germination differences occur between plants in the area and areas.

Teores de micronutrientes nas folhas de milho fertilizadas com lodo de curtume / Contents of micronutrients in the leaves of corn fertilized with tanning mud

A presente pesquisa foi conduzida em vasos em casa de vegetação na Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária - EMBRAPA-Arroz e Feijão, no município de Santo Antônio de Goiás, GO, nas coordenadas 16 graus 27' de latitude S e 49 graus e 17' de longitude W Gr., e 823 m de altitude. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com sete tratamentos e quatro repetições, sendo estes: testemunha, doses de 113,1 ml.vaso-1 de lodo de curtume (36 m3.ha-1)-Lodo36; 226,2 ml.vaso-1 de lodo de curtume (72 m3.ha-1)-Lodo72; 452,4 ml.vaso-1 de lodo de curtume (144 m3.ha-1)-Lodo144; 904,8 ml. vaso-1 de lodo de curtume (288 m3.ha-1)-Lodo288; 1,256 g.vaso-1 do formulado (NPK) 04-30-16 + Zn (400 kg.ha-1)-Químico, e 1,256 g.vaso-1 de (NPK) 04-30-16 + Zn (400 kg.ha-1) + 452,4 ml.vaso-1 de lodo de curtume (144 m3.ha-1)-Lodo 144 + Qu?mico. As análises químicas do solo (substrato) foram realizadas nas camadas de 0-20 cm e de 20-40 cm. Foi quantificada a fitomassa verde da parte aérea, e os teores de cobre, ferro, manganês e zinco. Nas folhas das plantas de milho, o cobre, em todos os tratamentos com lodo de curtume e com adubação química, manteve seus teores próximos dos teores da testemunha. O teor de ferro do tratamento Químico foi maior e significativamente diferente dos teores dos demais tratamentos. O comportamento do manganês, nos diferentes tratamentos, não seguiu um padrão definido, tendo sido constatado maior teor deste elemento no tratamento Lodo72, que diferiu estatisticamente dos demais. Com relação ao elemento zinco, o maior teor encontrado nas folhas foi no tratamento Lodo144 + Químico, que diferiu estatisticamente dos demais tratamentos analisados. Nos tratamentos onde foi aplicadosomente o lodo de curtume, a produção de fitomassa verde das plantas de milho tendeu a ser crescente com as doses do lodo. A adubação química associada ao lodo de curtume (Lodo144 + Químico) proporcionou a maior produção de fitomassa verde de plantas de milho.

This investigation aimed to study the accumulation of micronutrients in the leaves of corn plants fertilized with tanning mud. Therefor an experiment in pot culture was conducted in a greenhouse of the Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa-Arroz e Feijão) located at 16 graus e 27' latitude S, 49 graus e 17' longitude W Gr. And 823 m above sea level, in the county of Santo Antônio de Goiás, GO. The experimental design was completely randomized in four replications and the following treatments: Control, tanning mud at 113.1 ml pot-1 (36 m3 ha-1) = Mud-36; tanning mud at 226.2 ml pot-1 (72 m3 ha-1) = Mud-72; tanning mud at 452.4 ml pot-1 (144 m3 ha-1) = Mud-144; tanning mud at 904.8 ml pot-1 (288 m3 ha-1) = Mud-288; mineral fertilizer at 1.256 g pot-1 of NPK 04-30-16 plus Zn (400 kg ha-1) = Chemical; and Mud- 144 plus Chemical. The chemical soil analysis was accomplished in two layers, 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm. Further were analyzes the contents of copper, iron, manganese and zinc in the green matter. There was no significant difference in copper content among treatments. The treatment Chemical showed significantly higher content in iron than all others. Mud-72 was significantly superior to all other treatments in manganese content. The highest content of zinc was found in treatment Mud-144 plus Chemical, superior to all others. The yield of green matter tended to grow with increasing levels of tanning mud but the highest yield was found in treatment Mud-144 plus Chemical.