Double Whammy the Great Switch and a Complex Endgame

In 1988 the world health assembly resolved to eradicate poliomyelitis.The Live attenuated oral polio vaccine was the captain against the fight to eradicate poliomyelitis.It had indeed many advantages in the fight to eradicate polio.But despite its many advantages it has a risk for occurrence of rare cases of paralytic poliomyelitis among immunologically normal OPV recipients and additional risk of emergence of Vaccine derived polio virus(VDPVs).Poliovirus being an RNA virus are notorious for mutation.India is a polio free country since 2011 however endemicity of its neighbours are a detterent against dropping guard.This article reviews the introduction of Bivalent oral polio vaccine instead of trivalent oral polio vaccine and rationale of addition of Inactivated Polio vaccine on the road to the—Endgame Strategy

The prevalence of low birth weight infants amongst hospital deliveries in Lucknow.

Background: Low birth weight has been defined by the WHO as weight at birth less than 2500gms. More common in developing than developed countries, LBW contributes to a range of poor health outcomes. Objectives: To know the prevalence of low birth weight neonates and the effect of maternal age and parity on birth weight. Methods: It was a hospital based cross sectional study conducted in Era’s Lucknow Medical College and Hospital over a period of six months i.e from July 2014 to December 2014. A total of 356 women who had their deliveries conducted at Era’s Lucknow Medical College and Hospital were included in the study. Data was collected, compiled and tabulated using Microsoft Excel and analysed using SPSS 17.0 version for calculation of percentages. Results: The prevalence of LBW neonates was found to be 29.65%. 40.19% of the LBW neonates were preterm. Majority of the LBW neonate’s i.e 72.54% weigh between 2.0 to 2.5 kg. Percentage of LBW neonates was found to be highest among women aged between 36 to 40 years (50%) and in primi para (46%). Conclusions: The prevalence of LBW was found to be slightly higher than that for the state of Uttar Pradesh (25.1%). It is closely associated with foetal and neonatal mortality and morbidity. The prevalence can be lowered if women start pregnancy healthy and well nourished, which can be assured by educating the mother about proper nutrition, birth spacing and antenatal care.

Intake of vitamin A & its association with nutrition status of pre-school children.

Background: Vitamin A is an essential micronutrient for the immune system. Its deficiency is one of the most important causes of preventable childhood blindness and is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality from infections. Studies have linked vitamin A deficiency to a greater risk of malnutrition. Therefore the present study was planned to assess the intake of Vitamin A in pre- school children and to find out its association with nutritional status of Pre- School children. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in urban and rural Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. Children (n=400) of 12-59 months were randomly selected and mothers were interviewed after taking informed consent on pretested predesigned questionnaire on socio-demographic and Dietary intake. Anthropometry was performed using standard procedures. Results: The mean age of children was 31.9 months and mean intake of Vitamin A was 344.8 μg. Underweight, stunting and wasting was seen in 43.7%, 51.3 % and 21.8% of children respectively. Stunting was associated significantly with mean Vitamin A intake (p<0.005). 54% children had been administered Vitamin A in past six months. Signs of Vitamin A deficiency were seen in only 6.2 % children. On Multivariate analysis Height / Age Z score was significantly associated with Vitamin A intake (OR-2.8, 2.5-14.0). Conclusions: The prevalence of malnutrition for pre-school children is worrying. There is low intake of Vitamin A. There is need to find innovative and effective ways of reaching the community for educating them on balanced diet particularly rich in vitamin A.

Causes of Domestic Violence in Married Women with psychotic and Nonpsychotic Illness.

Background: Women are integral to all aspects of society. They are worshipped, but when it comes to dealing with them, much still remains. Women bear the burden of responsibility associated with being wives, mothers and carers of others. There is a dearth of casecontrol studies. Domestic violence in women with psychiatric morbidity has not received sufficient attention. Domestic violence can often lead to victims developing mental health problems, and people with mental health problems are more likely to experience domestic violence. People diagnosed with mental illness are more likely than others to be victims of domestic violence. Psychiatric morbidity as a determinant of domestic violence has received little attention. Indian culture is unique and there is limited work on domestic violence from Eastern Uttar Pradesh. Objective: To assess the magnitude and compare the cause of domestic violence in married women with psychotic and nonpsychotic illness. Materials and methods: Sixty-five women attending psychiatry outpatient department (OPD) of SSL Hospital with 35 women with psychotic illness and 30 nonpsychotic illness were studied for the magnitude of domestic violence by their husband. Domestic violence questionnaire was used. Women diagnosed as suffering from Axis-I disorder as per DSM IV TR. Results: Significantly more women in psychotic illness than nonpsychotic illness reported domestic violence (total/ psychological and physical) by their husbands in past year (women with psychotic illness: 80% total/psychological violence; 65.7% physical violence and nonpsychotic illness: 50% total/ psychological violence; 43.3% physical violence). Total domestic violence with psychiatric morbidity was observed in 66.2%. Conclusion: Women with psychotic illness have a higher reporting of domestic violence by their husbands during the past years. Women with mental disorders are likely to be victims of violence. Mental disorder may increase vulnerability to domestic violence by increasing the likelihood of women being in unsafe relationships and environments and increase their vulnerability to violent victimization.

A study to assess the iodine deficiency disorder and salt consumption pattern in Lucknow.

Background: Iodine is an essential element for thyroid function, necessary for the normal growth, development and functioning of the brain and body. In India, about 200 million people are already affected with IDD. In India, about 200 million people live at risk of IDD, whereas more than 71 million people are suffering from goiter and other IDDs. Aims and objectives: 1) To estimate the prevalence of goiter in Lucknow district. 2) To study the level of urinary iodine excretion of the study population. 3) To study the salt consumption pattern in Lucknow district. Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study was carried out amongst School children in the age group of 6 to 12 years in urban and rural areas of Lucknow district over a period of one year. A sample size of 400 was estimated. A pre structured & pre tested questionnaire was used to interview. Data was Tabulated on Microsoft excel and, analysis was carried out using Chi square test & other necessary statistical test as appropriate, using software SPSS 17.0 version. Results: A total No. of 400 children were studied. In urban areas 54% were males and 46% were females. Mean age of children were found to be 9.22 years with standard deviation of 2.28. By history, majority (79.8%) of the families were using iodized salt and only 20.3% were using non-iodized salt. Over all prevalence of goiter was 12.7%. Prevalence of goiter was more in rural areas (18%) than in urban areas (7.5%). Prevalence of goiter was more among females (19.9%) than in males (6.8%). Conclusions: To conclude, findings of the present study demonstrates that prevalence of goitre was high (12.7%) among children in Lucknow district and therefore it constitutes a public health problem in this region. Strict implementation of salt iodization and marketing in hard to reach areas is recommended as a measure to control the situation.

Partner violence in married women.

Introduction: Violence against women is the highest in Australia, Canada, Israel and South Africa and women make up 40 to 70% of homicide victims. Forced marriage is still practiced in the parts of South Asia, East Asia and Africa and among immigrants to the West from these regions. The objectives of the study were to explore and compare the violence in the married women living in urban and rural areas Material and methods: The study adopted a comparative research approach. The study was conducted on married women of age group between 16-40 years. The population comprised of 60 married women (30 subjects each from urban and rural areas respectively) was drawn by convenient sampling technique. Data was collected through interview, by using socio demographic proforma and structured intimate partner violence questionnaire. Data was analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The overall prevalence of violence among women was high. There was no significant difference between rural and urban area with respect to psychological and physical violence. The findings showed that majority of violence in urban area women were more than the rural area women. Conclusion: Women are more frequent victims of violence. Violence is a universal phenomenon, so effective actions should be taken to stop intimate partner violence at no time.

Molecular assessment of genetic diversity in mung bean germplasm.

RAPD profiles were used to identify the extent of diversity among 54 accessions of mung bean that included both improved and local land races. Out of the 40 primers screened, seven primers generated 174 amplification products with an average of 24.85 bands per primer. The RAPD profiles were analysed for Jaccard's similarity coefficients that was found to be in the range from 0 to 0.48, indicating the presence of wide range of genetic diversity at molecular level. Cluster analysis was carried out based on distances (1-similarity coefficient) using neighbour-joining method in Free Tree package. The dendrogram resolved all the accessions into two major clusters, I (with 11 accessions) and II (with 43 accessions). However, the cluster was further divided into four subclusters (II A with six, II B with nine, II C with 15 and II D with 13 accessions). The distribution of the accessions in different clusters and subclusters appears to be related to their performance in field conditions for 10 morphological traits that were scored. This study indicated that the RAPD profiles provide an easy and simple technique for preliminary genetic diversity assessment of mung bean accessions that may reflect morphological trait differences among them.