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INTRODUCTION@#Salba-chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is a popular functional food containing high levels of protein, total dietary fiber, and is an excellent source of α-linolenic acid. Chia seeds significantly decreases weight, suppresses appetite, and has a potential benefit in the management of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of chia seeds as an adjuvant treatment for T2DM.@*METHODS@#Randomized controlled trials from 1990 onwards involving Type 2 diabetic patients given chia seed were included. PubMed, Cochrane, ClinicalKey, Google Scholar, and Hinari were searched systematically using MeSH terms “chia”, “Salvia hispanica”, “dietary supplement”, and “diabetes”. The quality of trials was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration tool. Data on the study design, blinding status, characteristics of participants, medications taken by participants, chia seed intervention, comparator, duration of intake, and interval of assessment were extracted. The percent change of outcome from baseline was compared between the chia and control groups.@*RESULTS@#Four randomized trials with a total of 213 diabetic patients were enrolled in the treatment group using ground salba-chia or the control group using bran. The supplementation of chia resulted in a statistically significant decrease in fasting glucose (-2.90 mmol/L; 95% CI, -3.08, -2.72; p < 0.001), waist circumference (-2.49 cm; 95% CI -2.81, -2.17; p < 0.001), total cholesterol (-2.72 mmol/L; 95% CI -3.68, -1.74; p < 0.001), HDL (-3.69 mmol/L; 95% CI -3.95, -3.42; p < 0.001), LDL (-3.22 mmol/L; 95% CI -4.08, -2.36; p < 0.001); and an increase adiponectin levels (6.50 mg/L; 95% CI 6.25, 6.25; p < 0.001).@*CONCLUSION@#Intake of chia seeds resulted in a statistically significant decrease in fasting blood glucose, waist circumference, total cholesterol levels, HDL and LDL cholesterol levels, and increased adiponectin. Chia seeds are generally safer and have lesser side effects compared to the placebo. Chia is effective as adjunctive treatment for Type 2 diabetic patients.
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Background: Falls are extremely common among elderly population, accounting for substantial morbidity and mortality, and are often potentially preventable. Approximately 28-35% of people aged 65 yrs & above fall every year, increasing to 32-42% for those over 70 yrs (WHO). This study was designed for identification of risk factors among elderly, so that the future falls can be prevented. Objective: 1.To assess the prevalence of falls in elderly aged ≥60 yrs residing in a rural area in Bangalore 2.To assess the risk for falls and 3.To study the factors associated with the falls risk among these elderly. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in a village in Bangalore Urban District, Bangalore of Karnataka, among people aged ≥60 yrs during the period of July to August 2011. Demographic details, history of fall in the last one year were col-lected and falls risk was assessed. Data was analysed using SPSS16. Results: A total of 124 people aged ≥60 yrs participated in the study, 51(41%) were males and 73(59%) females. Prevalence of falls: 39(31.45%) people had history of at least one fall in the last one year averaging 1.25 falls per person per year. 32(82%) of them had one fall and 7(17.95%) experienced recurrent falls. Slip was the most common cause (51.3%) of the last fall. Risk for falls: 78(63%) elderly were having low risk, 12(9.6%) were in medium risk and 34(27.4%) were having high risk for falls. Risk was highest in 70–79 yrs age group and in females (P=0.003). On multivariate logistic regression analysis, people with hearing impairment (OR=10.09, CI=1.24-81.94), psychological im-pairment (OR=3.0, CI=1.19-7.55) and with history of falls in the last one year (OR=5.17, CI=1.98-13.49) had higher risk for falls and hypertensives (OR=0.25, CI=0.09-0.64) had lower risk. Conclusion: The study showed that there is a high prevalence of falls in elderly and more than 1/4th of the study population was at high risk. Psychological impairment, hearing impairment and history of previous falls significantly increased the risk of falling. Therefore, it is necessary to identify and address these problems and educate them on falls preven-tion.