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OBJECTIVE： To investigate the distribution， drug supply and quantity of licensed pharmacists in retail pharmacies around Third Grade Class A Hospitals， and to provide reference for decision-making of related management departments. METHODS： Field investigation and questionnaire survey were used to investigate the distribution， type， operating area， annual turnover， drug type， ranking of consumption sum， daily prescription amount and pharmacist allocation of 5 Third Grade Class A Hospitals in Beijing and general information of 100 surveyed pharmacists in 2017. RESULTS： There were 43 retail pharmacies in total within 1 km of 5 Third Grade Class A Hospitals， with an average of 8.60 retail pharmacies for each hospital. The number of retail pharmacies with distance between 200-400 m and 800-1 000 m was the largest （11）， of which 21 （48.84％） were chain drugstores. The operating area of 38 pharmacies （88.37％） was in the range of 100-175 m2， mainly ranging 100-125 m2 （16 pharmacies， 37.21％）. The annual turnover of 40 pharmacies were counted and ranged 50-10 000 ten thousand yuan， among which the pharmacies 0-200 m away from the hospital had the highest annual turnover. The average variety of drugs （prescription drugs and over-the-counter drugs） was 2 511 kinds. 34 pharmacies （79.07％） had more varieties of over-the-counter drugs than prescription drugs， and the consumption sum of over-the-counter drugs was higher than that of prescription drugs in 26 pharmacies （60.47％）. Top 3 drugs in the list of consumption sum were antineoplastic drugs， cardiovascular drugs and anti-infective drugs. Average daily prescriptions of 28 drugstores （65.11％） were less than 10 pieces； average daily prescription were more than 20 pieces in only 7 pharmacies （16.28％）. On average， each pharmacy had 7.4 staff members and 1.37 licensed pharmacists. 58 staff members’ first degree was junior college （58％）， 38 staff members’ first degree was technical secondary school or high school （38％）， and only 3 （3％） staff members’ first degree was undergraduates or above. CONCLUSIONS： With the gradual promotion of “health care policy” and the outflow of more hospital prescriptions， the retail pharmacies around hospitals should increase their numbers， expand the operating area， accelerate the construction of licensed pharmacists and improve the education level of pharmacists so as to improve the pharmaceutical care ability.
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Purpose To investigate the effect of DAPPER1 on the malignant biological behavior in esophageal carcinoma cells,and further to analyze the expression and the possible regulated mechanism of DAPPER1 in esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC) samples.Methods MTT assay,colony formation assay and wound healing were used to examine the effect of DAPPER1 on malignant biological behavior in esophageal carcinoma cells,RT-PCR and MSP methods were applied respectively to examine the expression and the methylation status of DAP-PER1 in three ESCC cell lines (TE13,T.Tn,Eca109).Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the DAPPER1 protein expression.Results The negative or weak expression of DAP-PER1 was detected in ESCC cell lines.After treated with 5-Aza2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-dC,a demethylation agent),the expression level of DAPPER1 was obviously increased.Meanwhile,over expression of DAPPER1 or treated with 5-Aza-Dc could obviously inhibit proliferation and immigration abilities of TEl3 cell line.The level of DAPPER1 expression had no obviously change after treated with trichostatin A (TSA).Decreased protein expression of DAPPER1 was observed in ESCC tumor tissues compared with non-cancerous tissues (P ＜ 0.01),and associated with the methylation status of this gene (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion DAPPER1 plays an important role of tumor suppressor gene in esophageal carcinoma,and the aberrant hypermethylation may be one of the main mechanisms in abnormal expression of this gene.
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Objective:To assess the effect of B group vitamins on cerebrovascular diseases, and also to evaluate the relationship between B group vitamins and homocysteine(Hcy). Methods:Using the words homocysteine,folic acid,folate,cerebrovascular dis-ease,B group vitamins and randomized controlled trial as the keywords,PubMed,the Cochrane library,WanFang Database,VIP and CNKI were searched. The randomized controlled trials about preventive effect of folic acid,vitamin B12or vitamin B6on cerebrovascular disease occurring published between 1998 and July 2016 were searched by manually retrieving relevant journals. Two reviewers inde-pendently screened the trials,extracted the data and evaluated the quality of included trials. The Cochrane Collaboration's RevMan 5.3 software was used for the statistical analysis. Results:Twelve trials involving 36 053 patients were included. The results of meta-analysis showed that B group vitamins could lower the risk of stroke(RR=0.90,95% CI:0.82-0.99,P=0.02). The sensitivity a-nalysis conducted after the exclusion of low-quality trials did not change the overall results, and B group vitamins could lower plasma Hcy concentration (MD= -3.40,95% CI:-4.21--2.59, P<0.000 01). Conclusion: B group vitamins can lower plasma Hcy concentration,and lower the risk of stroke. B group vitamins supplementation should be recommended for the secondary prevention of stroke. The results of this study still need more reasonable design combined with strict implementation of larger samples of randomized double-blind controlled trials.
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Objective To evaluate the health related quality of life (HRQoL) and to explore the influencing factors related to the prevalence of the essential hypertension,diabetes,coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke in middle-aged and elderly people from rural communities.Methods A total of 5345 individuals were chosen from a 2010 Health Survey in Fangshan,Beijing.Self-designed questionnaire was applied to collect the information on general health-related behaviors,chronic conditions,self-rated health,blood pressure and HRQoL with the EuroQoL questionnaire (EQ-5D) were measured.Probit regression model was used to identify the influencing factors on HRQoL,adjusting age,marriage status,education level,smoking,alcohol intake,physical activity and control of blood pressure.Population Attributable Risk Proportion (PARP) for estimating the influence of chronic disease on HRQoL was also calculated.Results The average EQ-5D index was 0.923 ±0.145,with 72.1％ of the overall respondents in the status of having chronic diseases.Participants with chronic diseases had significantly lower EQ-5D index (0.907 ± 0.155 ) than those without (0.963 ±0.105 ) (t =15.082,P＜ 0.001 ).Significant relations were found between a lower HRQoL and chronic diseases.Relative risk (RR) and 95％ confidence interval (95％ CI) of poor HRQoL in populations with hypertension,diabetes,CHD and stroke were 1.686 (95％CI: 1.519-1.871),1.725 (95％CI:1.502-1.981 ),1.869 (95％CI: 1.663-2.099),and 1.759 (95％CI: 1.474-2.089) respectively.The most influential disease appeared to be stroke in male (RR=1.929,95％CI: 1.462-2.546),whereas CHD in female individuals (RR=1.926,95％CI: 1.671-2.220).Rates of PARP (PAR％) for poor HRQoL in chronic disease subgroups were as follow: hypertension 31.05％,CHD 23.39％,diabetes 4.84％ and stroke 4.44％,respectively.Conclusion This study suggested that stroke,at individual level,was the major influential factor to HRQoL.However,hypertension remained the leading preventable influential factor to HRQoL at the population level.