Multidetector CT Findings of Solid Organ Injury Based on 2018 Updated American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Organ Injury Scaling System

The newly revised 2018 Organ Injury Scale (OIS) has a similar format to the previous American Association for Surgery and Trauma (AAST) Emergency General Surgery Grading System, dividing the criteria for grading solid organ damage into three groups; imaging, operation, and pathology. The most significant alteration in the OIS system 2018 revision is the incorporation of multidetector CT (MDCT) findings of vascular injury including pseudoaneurysm and arteriovenous fistula. Similar to the previous OIS, the highest of the three criteria is assigned the final grade. In addition, if multiple grade I or II injuries are present, one grade is advanced for multiple injuries up to grade III. This pictorial essay demonstrates the MDCT findings of solid organ injury grades based on the 2018 OIS system.

Multidetector CT Findings of Solid Organ Injury Based on 2018 Updated American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Organ Injury Scaling System

The newly revised 2018 Organ Injury Scale (OIS) has a similar format to the previous American Association for Surgery and Trauma (AAST) Emergency General Surgery Grading System, dividing the criteria for grading solid organ damage into three groups; imaging, operation, and pathology. The most significant alteration in the OIS system 2018 revision is the incorporation of multidetector CT (MDCT) findings of vascular injury including pseudoaneurysm and arteriovenous fistula. Similar to the previous OIS, the highest of the three criteria is assigned the final grade. In addition, if multiple grade I or II injuries are present, one grade is advanced for multiple injuries up to grade III. This pictorial essay demonstrates the MDCT findings of solid organ injury grades based on the 2018 OIS system.

Lipiodol Pneumonitis Following Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) is a useful palliative therapeutic modality for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Postembolization syndromes, such as fever, abdominal pain, and elevated liver enzyme levels are commonly known complications of TACE. One post-TACE pulmonary complication, lipiodol pneumonitis, is rarely reported. Lipiodol pneumonitis after TACE appears to be associated with chemical injury due to accidental perfusion of lipiodol to the lung vasculature, promoted by arteriovenous shunts within the hypervascular HCC. Here, we report a 42-year-old man with unresectable HCC and hepatic vein thrombosis. The patient was initially treated with TACE. The following day after TACE, acute respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea and cough developed with decreased oxygen saturation. Chest X-ray and computed tomography showed multiple patches and diffuse ground-glass opacities in both lung fields, suggesting of lipiodol pneumonitis. The patient’s condition and radiologic abnormalities subsequently improved after 2 weeks of conservative treatment alone.

Imaging Findings of Pancreatic Solid Pseudopapillary Neoplasm with High-Grade Malignant Transformation: Focusing on Diffusion-Weighted Imaging and Normalized Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Values

Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (SPN) of the pancreas is an uncommon neoplasm characterized by low-grade malignant potential and uncertain histogenesis, and usually afflicts relatively young women. The tumors typically manifest as well-marginated, mixed density lesions consisting of a solid peripheral and central cystic component in conjunction with hemorrhagic foci. SPN with apparent high-grade malignant transformation is a rare histologic variant. Herein, we report a rare case of SPN with high-grade malignant transformation diagnosed in a 75-year-old female, with emphasis on differential diagnoses and role of normalized ADC values. SPN with malignant transformation should be included in the differential diagnosis in cases of mixed solid and cystic masses with hemorrhagic components, irregular margin and lower normalized apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values in an elderly female patient, as was the case discussed below.

Cholangiocarcinoma with a paraneoplastic leukemoid reaction mimicking a pyogenic liver abscess

No abstract available.

Pseudocirrhosis of Breast Cancer Metastases to the Liver Treated by Chemotherapy / Journal of the Korean Cancer Association, 대한암학회지

Pseudocirrhosis refers to a condition that shows changes in hepatic contour that mimic cirrhosis radiographically in the absence of the typical histopathological findings of cirrhosis. This condition has been observed in patients with cancer metastatic to the liver, both in those who have undergone prior systemic chemotherapy and those who have not. Pseudocirrhosis may cause difficulty in interpretation of the response to chemotherapy and hepatic decompression and complication of portal hypertension have a negative effect on the prognosis. We report on a case of breast cancer with liver metastases that showed cirrhotic changes during disease progression. Progression of liver metastases was confirmed by F18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET-CT). We also performed ultrasound-guided liver biopsy and confirmed tumor infiltration with severe desmoplastic fibrosis. This case suggests the pathogenesis of pseudocirrhosis through histopathological findings and the role of PET-CT in evaluation of the response to chemotherapy in patients with pseudocirrhosis.

Pseudocirrhosis of Breast Cancer Metastases to the Liver Treated by Chemotherapy / Journal of the Korean Cancer Association, 대한암학회지

Pseudocirrhosis refers to a condition that shows changes in hepatic contour that mimic cirrhosis radiographically in the absence of the typical histopathological findings of cirrhosis. This condition has been observed in patients with cancer metastatic to the liver, both in those who have undergone prior systemic chemotherapy and those who have not. Pseudocirrhosis may cause difficulty in interpretation of the response to chemotherapy and hepatic decompression and complication of portal hypertension have a negative effect on the prognosis. We report on a case of breast cancer with liver metastases that showed cirrhotic changes during disease progression. Progression of liver metastases was confirmed by F18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET-CT). We also performed ultrasound-guided liver biopsy and confirmed tumor infiltration with severe desmoplastic fibrosis. This case suggests the pathogenesis of pseudocirrhosis through histopathological findings and the role of PET-CT in evaluation of the response to chemotherapy in patients with pseudocirrhosis.

MDCT Findings of Right Circumaortic Renal Vein with Ectopic Kidney

Anomalies of renal vasculature combined with ectopic kidneys were found on a multi-detector CT scan. Knowledge of renal vascular variation is very important for surgical exploration, radiologic intervention and staging for urologic cancer. We present an extremely rare case of a right circumaortic renal vein combined with a right ectopic kidney. The right kidney was located at the level between the third and fifth lumbar vertebra. The right circumaortic renal vein crossed the aorta and returned to the inferior vena cava behind the aorta.

An Unusual Cause of Left Brachiocephalic Vein Occlusion: Extrinsic Compression by the Aortic Arch in a Hemodialysis Patient / 대한내과학회지

The most common cause of central venous obstruction including left braciocephalic vein is intrinsic stenosis associated with a previous central venous catheter or other devices. Occasionally, patients with no history of central venous catheterization present with left brachiocephalic vein occlusion. This occurs as a result of extrinsic compression of the brachiocephalic vein by adjacent vascular structures, especially the aortic arch and its branches. Here, we report a case of left brachiocephalic vein compression caused by a tortuous, ectatic aortic arch in a patient with no history of central vein catheterization. To our knowledge, this is the first report of extrinsic compression of the brachiocephalic vein by the aortic arch in Korea.

Skeletal Muscle Metastases from Breast Cancer: Two Case Reports / 한국유방암학회지

The skeletal muscle is an unusual site for metastasis from breast cancer. We present two cases of breast cancer that relapsed as skeletal muscle metastasis without other distant organ metastasis. We performed the core needle biopsy of metastatic sites and confirmed discordance in estrogen receptor, progesterone receptors, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 expression between primary breast cancer and skeletal muscle metastases. In the second case, we found the skeletal muscle metastasis through F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography scans (PET/CT). Intramuscular hot spots on PET/CT scans should be considered as a sign of metastasis even in the absence of abnormalities on computed tomography scans. Our patients received systemic chemotherapy, and showed a partial response. Further studies are needed to determine the prognosis and proper management of isolated skeletal muscle metastasis in breast cancer.

Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease with an Asymptomatic Type I Choledochal Cyst / 대한내과학회지

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common inherited renal disease. Polycystic liver disease is commonly observed in ADPKD but rarely has it been associated with a choledochal cyst. We report a case of a choledochal cyst with ADPKD in a 60-year-old female patient with ADPKD and concomitant chronic renal failure who was admitted because of acute deterioration of kidney function due to poor oral intake. There was no history of a biliary disorder and her kidney function recovered promptly after fluid replacement. Non-enhanced computed tomography was performed to evaluate ADPKD and revealed numerous cysts in both kidneys and liver. It also showed fusiform dilatation of the extrahepatic bile ducts, a finding indicative of a choledochal cyst. Liver function was within the normal range and there was no evidence of extrahepatic biliary obstruction. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography confirmed the diagnosis of a type I choledochal cyst combined with ADPKD.

Pancreatic Endocrine Tumors: A Report on a Patient Treated with Sorafenib

A 31-yr-old man with abdominal pain was diagnosed with a pancreatic endocrine tumor and multiple hepatic metastases. Despite optimal treatment with interferon alpha, a somatostatin analog, local therapy with high-intensity focused ultrasound ablation for multiple hepatic metastases, and multiple lines of chemotherapy with etoposide/cisplatin combination chemotherapy and gemcitabine monotherapy, the tumor progressed. As few chemotherapeutic options were available for him, sorafenib (800 mg/day, daily) was administered as a salvage regimen. Sorafenib was continued despite two episodes of grade 3 skin toxicity; it delayed tumor progression compared to the previous immunotherapy and chemotherapy. Serial computed tomography scans showed that the primary and metastatic tumors were stable. Thirteen months after beginning targeted therapy, and up to the time of this report, the patient is well without disease progression. We suggest that sorafenib is effective against pancreatic endocrine tumors.

Diagnosing Acute Pyelonephritis with CT, (99m)Tc-DMSA SPECT, and Doppler Ultrasound: A Comparative Study

PURPOSE: With growing interest in early imaging, the aim of our study was to define the most practical modality for routine clinical use for the diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis (APN). We compared the sensitivity of enhanced computerized tomography (CT), dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scintigraphy, and Doppler ultrasonography (DUS) by using clinical findings as the standard of reference. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 207 APN patients (191 women, 16 men; mean age, 49.4 years; range, 17-88 years) were enrolled in this study. All the patients underwent imaging modalities during hospitalization. SPECT images were obtained 4 hours after injection of (99m)Tc-DMSA. Transverse and coronary CT images were obtained before and after injection of the contrast agent. DUS was performed in the longitudinal, transverse, and coronal planes. All the images were read independently by a single radiologist and a nuclear medicine specialist. The sensitivity of each modality for detecting APN was compared. RESULTS: CT showed significantly superior sensitivity compared with that of DUS (81.0% vs. 33.3%, respectively, n=147). DMSA scintigraphy also showed significantly superior sensitivity compared with that of DUS (74.7% vs. 33.3%, respectively, n=150). Compared with DMSA scintigraphy, CT showed superior sensitivity, but the difference was not statistically significant (81.0% vs. 74.8%, respectively, n=147, p=0.163). CONCLUSIONS: For cases of clinically suspected APN, CT and DMSA scintigraphy appear to be equally sensitive and reliable for detecting APN, although CT is more practical in various fields. DUS was significantly less sensitive.

Small Bowel Volvulus Induced by Mesenteric Lymphangioma in an Adult: a Case Report

Mesenteric lymphangiomas are rare abdominal masses that are seldom associated with small bowel volvulus, and especially in adult patients. We report here on an unusual case of small bowel volvulus that was induced by a mesenteric lymphangioma in a 43-year-old man who suffered from repeated bouts of abdominal pain. At multidetector CT, we noticed whirling of the cystic mesenteric mass and the adjacent small bowel around the superior mesenteric artery. Small bowel volvulus induced by the rotation of the mesenteric lymphangioma was found on exploratory laparotomy. Lymphangioma should be considered as a rare cause of small bowel volvulus in adult patients.

The Incidence and Clinical Course of Acute Renal Failure in Patients with Severe Acute Pancreatitis / 대한신장학회지

PURPOSE: Although acute renal failure (ARF) commonly develops in patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP), the impact of ARF on disease severity is rarely reported in Korea. This study was performed to compare the clinical findings, morbidity and mortality between SAP patients with and without ARF. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the medical records of 102 patients with SAP between january 2001 and June 2008 in 3 hospitals. We investigated the incidence and clinical course of ARF in SAP patients. Then, we compared morbidity and mortality between the patients with ARF and normal renal function (NRF). RESULTS: Of the total 102 SAP patients, ARF was observed in 39 patients (38.2%). The peak serum creatinine level in ARF patients was 4.5+/-2.3 mg/dL. Eight of the 39 ARF patients (20.5%) received hemodialysis and ten patients (25.6%) died. When compared to NRF patiens, ARF patients (n=39) had higher incidence of dyspnea (17.9% vs 3.2%, p=0.011), loss of consciousness (17.9% vs 1.6%, p=0.003), and APACHE II scores more than 8 (92.3% vs 0%, p<0.001). The ARF group had also higher incidences of sepsis (35.9% vs 7.9%, p<0.001), multiorgan failure (15.4% vs 0%, p=0.001), respiratory failure (28.2% vs 4.7%, p=0.001) and mortality (25.6% vs 3.2%, p=0.001). Multivariate analysis demonstrated thrombocytopenia, hemoconcentration, and high LDH as independent risk factors of ARF in SAP patients. CONCLUSION: The incidence of ARF was high (38.2%) and ARF patients showed higher morbidity and mortality, compared to NRF patients. We suggest that early management of ARF should be performed for reducing the mortality in SAP patients.

Orthotopic Neobladder Reconstrution: Postoperative CT Appearance, Complications and Potential Pitfalls

PURPOSE: To evaluate the postoperative CT appearance, complications and potential pitfalls of radical cystectomy with orthotopic neobladder reconstruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined 46 patients [43 men and 3 women aged 34-72 (mean, 56.7) years] who had undergone neobladder reconstruction (ileocolic neobladder in 25 patients and ileal-W neobladder in 21). The CT scans were assessed in terms of their depiction of normal anatomy, namely the shape, location and internal architecture of the neobladder, the location of bladder bases, and the ureteral course. Early and late complications were also assessed. RESULTS: The characteristics of ileocolic neobadder were a right-side location, a lobulated outer margin, internal projections due to haustra or plication, a base in the retropubis, and right-side insertion of both ureters. In contrast, the characteristics of an ileal-W neobladder were a central location, an ovoid shape, nodular thickening at the ureteral insertion site, internal projections due to plication, and a retropubic bladder base. Early complications included hematoma with abscess formation (n=2), and postoperative peritonitis (n=1), while late complications were hydronephrosis due to stricture at the ureteral anastomotic site (n=16), tumor recurrence at this site (n=1), distal ureteral stone (n=1), mucus urinary retention (n=1), incisional hernia (n=2), tumor recurrence in the pelvic side wall (n=1), carcinomatosis peritonei (n=1), and liver metastasis (n=2). CONCLUSION: A knowledge of normal anatomic changes is essential for the accurate interpretation of CT scans. CT is a useful modality for the evaluation of postoperative change and the complications occurring in patients who have undergone radical cystectomy with othotopic neobladder reconstruction.