Delayed Transfer of Major Trauma Patients Under the Current Emergency Medical System in Korea

PURPOSE: Major trauma patients should be transferred to a definitive care facility as early as possible because prompt management will prevent death. This study was designed to discover the obstacles leading to delayed transfers under the current emergency medical system in Korea and whether there are any negative outcomes associated with conducting procedures at primary care hospitals prior to transferring patients to higher levels of care. METHODS: The medical records of major trauma patients with an Injury Severity Score above 15 within the past year were reviewed. Patients were divided three groups as follows: (A) came directly to our emergency center, (B) were transferred without CT or MRI scan at the primary care hospital and (C) transferred with CT or MRI scans. The transfer time of each group were compared and analyzed statistically. Additionally, the number and type of imaging performed at the primary care hospital were analyzed. RESULTS: All qualified patients (n=276) were enrolled in this study: 121 patients in group A; 104 in group B; 51 in group C. There was a statistically significant difference in the transfer time between the three groups (p-value<0.001), and 79 (28.6%) were transferred to an emergency medical center within one hour. In group C, CT or MRI scans were performed an average of 1.86 times at the primary care hospital, and the median transfer time was 4 hours 5 minutes. CONCLUSION: Only 28.6% of the cases in the study arrived within the golden hour at a definitive care facility. Such delays are in part the result of prolonged times at the primary care hospital for radiologic examinations, such as CT or MRI scans. Major multiple trauma patients should be transferred to a definitive care facility directly or as soon as the primary survey and the resuscitation of Advanced Trauma Life Support guideline are completed at the primary care hospital.

Experience with the Treatment of Patients with Major Trauma at the Department of Trauma Surgery in One Regional Emergency Medical Center for One Year

PURPOSE: Recently, social interest in an organized trauma system for the treatment of patients has been increasing in government and academia and the establishment of trauma center is being considered across the country. However, establishing such a system has not been easy in Korea, because enormous experiences and resources are necessary. The objectives of this study were (1) to estimate a trauma patient's demands during the course of treatment and (2) to provide appropriate direction for trauma centers to be established in Korea. METHODS: The records of 207 patients who were admitted to the Department of Trauma Surgery in Ajou University Medical Center due to trauma were retrospectively reviewed for a 1 year period from March 2010 to February 2011. Patients were reviewed for general characteristics, number of hospital days, numbers and kinds of surgeries, numbers and kinds of consultations, ISS (Injury Severity Score) and number of patients with ISS more than 15. RESULTS: All 207 patients were enrolled. The average number of hospital days was 36.7 days. The ICU stay was 15.9 days, and the general ward stay was 20.8 days. Admitted patients occupied 9.02 beds in ICU and 11.80 beds in the general ward per day. The average number of surgeries per patient was 1.4, and surgery at the Department of Trauma Surgery was most common. Number of consultations per patient was 14.23, and consultations with orthopedic surgeons were most common. The average ISS was 18.6. The number of patients with ISS more than 15 was 141 (61.8%) and the average number of patients treated per trauma surgeon as a major trauma patient was 94.3. The number of mortalities was 20, and the mortality rate was 9.7%. CONCLUSION: To reduce mortality and to provide proper treatment of patients with major trauma, hospitals need some number of beds, especially in the ICU, to treat patients and to prepare them for emergent surgery. An appropriate number of trauma surgeons and various specialists for consultation are also needed.

Change of Anti-type II Collagen Antibody in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Degenerative Arthritis / 대한정형외과학회잡지

PURPOSE: To evaluate the chronological change of serum anti-type II collagen antibody level according to the type of immunoglobulin (i.e. IgG, IgM) in chronic arthritic patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The serum levels of anti-type II collagen antibody were determined in three groups (control, degenerative arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis) with ELISA method. In each person, the serum levels of antibody IgG, IgM against human, bovine and chicken type II collagens were determined separately. RESULTS: Since correlation coefficients of ELISA showed high values except in the case of denatured human collagen, ELISA test is regarded as reliable. In terms of denatured human collagen, no constant denaturation pattern induced variable results. With regards to chronological changes, there was no change of IgG titer in all three groups. IgM titer of control group was not varied according to time change. But IgM titer of arthritis group changed from time to time. Chronological changes of antibody titers depended on the types of antigen. In case of human collagen, there were changes of antibody titer in the degenerative arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis groups. And in the case of bovine collagen, change of antibody titer was observed only in the rheumatoid arthritis group. CONCLUSION: Chronological change of IgG titer was not observed in the arthritis group but IgM titer changes are observed in that group. Thus, it might be a topic of future research to evaluate the relationship between the chronological change of IgM antibody and disease aggravation.