Research Trend of Women's Health in Korean Nursing Journals (2010~2015)

PURPOSE: To explore trends of women's health in nursing research by analyzing articles on women aged 13 years or older that were published in Korean Journal for Women Health Nursing from 2010 to 2015. METHODS: Seven focus areas were identified and modified to reflect integrative conceptual models of women's health: maternity care, menstrual concerns, health problems in women, gender influences on health risks, social influences on women's health, women and health care policy, and sexual health and violence against women. A total of 383 studies were analyzed according to these seven focus areas. RESULTS: Health problems in women, maternity care, and societal influences on women's health were the most widely studied topics in Korean women's health. There was increased attention to societal influences on women's health and gender influences on health risk. However, these areas are still limited in nursing research. Only 1% of these studies were in area of women's health policy. CONCLUSION: More studies in area of sexual health and violence against women are needed. Studies in area of women and health care policy are also needed to improve women's health in Korea.

The Quality of Reporting of Intervention Studies in the Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing (KJWHN): Based on the TREND Guidelines

PURPOSE: This study was done to evaluate quality of reports of non-randomized controlled quasi-experimental study articles published in the Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing (KJWHN). METHODS: A search was done for experimental studies assessing intervention effects among all articles published in the KJWHNfrom 2008 to 2013. Original articles were reviewed and analyzed according to the 22 checklist items of the guidelines for Transparent Reporting for Evaluations with Non-randomized Designs (TREND). RESULTS: Thirty-five articles on experimental studies were identified. The evaluation of the quality of reporting in these experimental studies found that there was a wide variety in the level of satisfying the TREND checklist. In particular, according to TREND topics, low levels of reporting quality were found for "title & abstract (only for information on how units were allocated to the intervention)", "outcomes in methods", "assignment in methods", "blinding in methods", "recruitment in results", "baseline data in results", "interpretation in discussion (especially intervention mechanism and success or barriers), "generalizability in discussion". CONCLUSION: Results indicate that adherence to TREND guidelines varied in experimental studies published in the KJWHN suggesting the recommendation that for higher levels of complete reporting, TREND guidelines be used in reports on experimental studies.

Analysis on Reports of Qualitative Researches Published in Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing

PURPOSE: This research was aimed to analyze the reports of qualitative researches published in Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing (KJWHN). METHODS: Twenty qualitative researches using in-depth interviews or focus groups published in KJWHN during from 2002 to 2011 were selected for analysis. Selected reports were analyzed by consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ), which were a reporting guideline for qualitative researches, and consisted of thirty two items and three domains, i.e., (1) research team and reflexivity, (2) study design, and (3) data analysis and reporting. RESULTS: Personal characteristics related to credentials, gender and interviewer's bias or assumption were less reported than other items in the 1st domain. In the 2nd domain, descriptions such as a presence of non-participants, pilot test for interview guide development, and transcript return to participants were less reported than other items. In the 3rd domain, items related to number of data coder, participants checking of the finding, and clarity of minor themes were less reported than other items. CONCLUSION: It could be concluded that COREQ is a useful guideline for reporting of qualitative studies. From these results, we suggest that full items of COREQ should be considered and described when researchers report qualitative research.

Relationships among Daily Hassles, Social Support, Entrapment and Mental Health Status by Gender in University Students

PURPOSE: This study was designed to examine the relationships among daily hassles, social support, entrapment and mental health status in relation to gender in university students. METHODS: Data were collected via a self-administered questionnaire from 118 male and 98 female college students in Kangwon province. Data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 18.0 program for descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and stepwise multiple regression. RESULTS: There were significant differences in daily hassles, entrapment and depression between male and female group. Also, there were significant relationship between entrapment and mental health status (i.e. depression, anxiety, hostility, somatization) in both groups. In male students, internal entrapment was the significant predictor of depression and anxiety, and external entrapment was the significant predictor of hostility and somatization whereas, in female students external entrapment was the significant predictor of depression, and internal entrapment was the significant predictor of anxiety, hostility and somatization. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that entrapment is an important factor for psychological maladaptation due to stressful life events. Therefore, strategies that reduce perception of entrapment according to gender should be developed for psychological adaptation.

Development and Evaluation of Community-based Respite Program for Family Caregivers of Elders with Dementia / 기본간호학회지

PURPOSE: Purposes of this study were to develop a community-based respite program for family caregivers and to test the effects of the program. METHODS: Focus group interviews were performed to extract meaning of respite care for family caregivers (13 participants) and a survey was done to identify respite needs of family caregivers (157 participants). The community-based respite program for family caregivers was developed based on results of the focus group interview and survey. The program was used with 41 participants (19 experimental and 22 control). Independent t-test and Mann-Whitney U-test were used to test differences between control and experimental groups for respite needs, burden of caregivers, subjective wellbeing, social support, fatigue and functional status of elders with dementia. RESULTS: There were statistical differences in caregiver burden, subjective wellbeing, and social support after the program, but, none for respite needs, fatigue and functional status of elders with dementia. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that a respite program can be useful to decrease burden of caregivers and increase subjective wellbeing and perceived social support of family caregivers in community settings. Further intervention research is needed to increase the functional status of elders with dementia and decrease fatigue in caregivers.

Analysis on Reports of Statistical Testing for Mean Differences in Articles in the Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing / 여성건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was done to evaluate the accuracy and adequacy of research studies reporting statistical testing for mean differences in studies of the Korean Journal of Women Health. METHODS: Among articles published in the journal from 2007 to 2009, 75 studies using t-test, chi2-test, and ANOVA were identified. The studies were evaluated using structured analysis format for adequacy of research title, accuracy of statistical methods and presentation styles, and errors in reported statistical outcomes. RESULTS: In this study, the research titles generally reflected the purpose of research and study designs. Thus the research titles were quite comprehensive. Also, there was compatibility between the research purpose and research design. Most important though, many errors were identified in the tables of results of the statistical analysis in articles published from 2004 to 2006. CONCLUSION: Over six years, 2004 to 2009, accuracy and adequacy of research studies has improved in many aspects. In order to enhance the completeness of the published papers and to be an internationally recognized nursing journal, close attention of the researchers, reviewers and editors is necessary to avoid errors and present adequate and accurate research.

The Relationship among Perceived Entrapment, Depression and Subjective Well-being of Women as Family Caregivers Caring for Dementia Elderly / 여성건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was designed to examine the relationship between perceived entrapment to depression and subjective well-being of women as family caregivers caring for elderly dementia patients. METHODS: One hundred and sixty-nine women family caregivers were recruited from two high schools located in Seoul, Korea for this descriptive study. The instruments used were The Entrapment Scale, The Center for Epidemiology Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and Subjective well-being scale. RESULTS: The score of perceived entrapment significantly correlated with depression and subjective well-being. The significant predictor of depression in women caregivers was perceived entrapment, 50.3% of the variance in depression. Also, perceived entrapment was predictor of subjective well-being in women caregivers, explaining 41.4% of the variance in depression. CONCLUSION: This study showed that perceived entrapment is an important predictor for depression and subjective well-being. Therefore, in order to reduce depression in women caregivers, it is necessary to design an intervention program that helps with coping and reduces perceived entrapment.

Analysis of the Correlation and Regression Analysis Studies from the Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing over the Past Three Years (2007~2009) / 여성건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study investigated the statistical methods and the results had reported correlation/regression analysis in the studies of Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing (KJWHN). METHODS: We reviewed 45 studies using correlation/regression analysis for the suitability of the statistical methods and the research purposes, the criteria for analysis of figures, tables and charts had published in the KJWHN from vol 13 (1) in 2007 to vol 15 (4) in 2009. RESULTS: Forty three studies were fitted to their statistical methodology and their research purposes. Eleven studies considered the minimum sample size. Fourteen regression studies used multiple regression and 12 studies used forward method for variable entry. Only one study among the 17 regression studies accomplished scatter plots and residuals examination. Sixteen studies in correlation studies and six studies in regression studies showed some errors in either the title, variables, category of figures, tables and charts. In the regression study, all reported R2 and beta values except one. CONCLUSION: It was found that there were still statistical errors or articulation errors in the statistical analysis. All reviewers need to be reviewed more closely for detecting errors not only during reviewing process of the manuscript but also periodic publication for the quality of this academic journal.

Analysis of Published Papers by Keywords and Research Methods in the Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing (2007~2009) / 여성건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study s aim was to analyze literature using the identified key words of published literature within the Korean Journal of Womens Health Nursing from 2007~2009. The study explored the major subjects and research methodology used and evaluated the quality of this Journal articles. METHODS: Survey design using a structured analysis format was used for consistent evaluation of research subjects, type of research, research methodology, data analysis, along with comparing intervention research, theoretical framework, ethical consideration, and the implications. The frequency of the use of each keyword was classified by 8 domains. RESULTS: Ninety eight papers were analyzed altogether. Most of the subjects in these papers were women with 86.7% being quantitative research. In these studies, 76.5% used convenience sampling; 70.6% used a survey design whereas 23.5% used experimental design. Health related concepts (n=159) was mentioned the most among the 8 domains. The key words frequently used were women, depression, knowledge, quality of life, attitude, elderly, anxiety and stress in descending order. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that most papers in this Journal during this time period addressed recent women's health issues. Also it showed this Journal and its literature has reached the indexing for Medline.

An Analysis of the Meaning of Respite for Family Caregivers of Elderly with Dementia

PURPOSE: This study was a qualitative research study in which focus group interviews were used to collect data on the meaning of respite for family caregivers who are taking care of elders with dementia. METHODS: The focus group interviews and participants consisted of 2 family caregiver groups, for a total of 8 people taking care of their elders and 5 professional caregivers working in a geriatrics hospital or social welfare institutions. Content analysis was used and debriefing notes were referred in order to analyze the data. RESULTS: The meaning of respite in this research was measured using 4 main categories: 'Temporary break from routine', 'direct help', 'psychological comfort', 'valuables which cannot be taken easily' and 9 subcategories: 'Temporary diversion of attention', 'temporarily free from my duty', 'taking care of oneself', 'receiving economic help', 'empathize with others', 'comfort based on trust', 'resting together with the elder', 'no time to rest', 'cannot get out of one's obligatory duty'. CONCLUSION: The findings of the study show that rest means not only a temporary relief from caretaking, but also a real respite based on the patients' stable state and comfort. These results indicate a new meaning for respite, that the first step of respite program has to begin even when the caregivers do not recognize the need for respite.

Development and Evaluation of a School-based Anger Management Program (SAMP) for Adolescents

PURPOSE: This study was done to develop a school-based anger management program (SAMP) of 4 sessions and examine its effects on the anger, anger expression, psychosomatic responses, psychosocial responses, and immunologic responses in adolescents. METHODS: A quasi-experimental study using a nonequivalent control group, pre-post design with repeated measures was used. Chi-square test, t-test, paired t-test, and Fisher's exact test were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: There were no differences between the experimental and control groups in outcome variables except for lymphocytes. However, following additional analyses, statistically significant differences by time point were observed for pain sensitivity, T cell, Helper T (Th) cell, Suppressor (Ts) cell and Natural Killer (NK) cell post-treatment, entrapment and psychosomatic symptoms at the 4-week follow-up, and resilience at the 10-week follow-up for the experimental group. CONCLUSION: Although some modifications in contents and administration will be required to increase the effectiveness of the program for anger management, SAMP can be used to promote anger management ability in adolescents.

A Study on Perceived Entrapment, Anger and Depression in Adolescent Women / 여성건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: The study was designed to examine the relationship of perceived entrapment to anger and depression in adolescent women. METHOD: Seven hundred sixty-five adolescent women were recruited from two high schools located in Seoul, Korea for a descriptive study. The instruments used were The Entrapment Scale for perceived entrapment, Spielberger's state trait anger expression inventory-Korean version for state anger and trait anger, and The Center for Epidemiology Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) for depression. RESULTS: The score of perceived entrapment significantly correlated with state anger, trait anger and depression. The significant predictors of depression in adolescent women were perceived entrapment, state anger and trait anger explaining 47.6% of the variance in depression. CONCLUSION: This study showed that perceived entrapment is an important predictor for depression. Therefore, in order to reduce depression in adolescent women, it is necessary to design an intervention program that helps with coping and reduces perceived entrapment.

A Study on Eating Behavior, Depression, Anger, Anger Expression and BAS/BIS in Adolescent Women / 여성건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: The descriptive correlational study was designed to examine the relationship of eating behavior to depression, trait anger, anger expression, Behavior Activation System(BAS) and Behavior Inhibition System(BIS) in adolescent women. METHOD: 437 women aged 15 to 18 years were recruited from two high schools located in Seoul, Korea. The instruments used were SCL's depression scale, Spielberger's state trait anger expression inventory- Korean version for trait anger and anger expression, the Korean-BAS/BIS scale for behavior activation system and behavior inhibition system, and Eating Attitude Test(EAT-26) for eating behavior. RESULTS: The score of EAT significantly correlated with depression, trait anger, anger expression, BAS and BIS. The EAT score also had a significant relationship with anger-in and anger-out. Depression only correlated with the dieting among factors of EAT. Trait anger, anger-in and anger-out showed a significant correlation with EAT factors such as dieting and oral control. BAS significantly correlated with dieting; whereas, BIS revealed a relationship with bulimia/food preoccupation. CONCLUSION: Based on this results, various variables need to be included for a nursing intervention program leading to healthy diet behaviors of adolescent women.

Internalization of the Sociocultural Attitudes, Body Shape Satisfaction, Anger and Eating Attitudes in College Women / 여성건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: The descriptive study was designed to examine the relationship of eating attitudes to the internalization of sociocultural attitudes, body shape satisfaction, anger and anger expression in college women. METHOD: 247 women were recruited from one college located in Seoul, Korea. The instruments used were the Internalization subscale of SATAQ-3R, BSQ for body shape satisfaction, Spielberger's state trait anger expression inventory-Korean version for anger and anger expression, and the Eating Attitude Test(EAT-26) for eating attitudes. RESULTS: The score of EAT significantly correlated with internalization, state anger, body shape satisfaction, and anger expression except trait anger. The significant predictors of eating attitudes in college women were body shape satisfaction and anger expression, explaining 55% of the variance in eating attitudes. CONCLUSION: This study showed that body shape satisfaction is an important predictor for an eating disorder. Therefore, various programs for cognitive changes correcting the understanding about body and weight need to be developed in the future.

The Predictors of Postpartum Depression / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was designed to determine the predictors of postpartum depression. METHOD: One hundred- sixty one women within one year after delivery from one public health center located in the northern area of Seoul were used in this study. The instruments were a survey of general characteristics, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, recent life events index, perceived social support from family, Quality of marriage index, parenting stress index, and Rosenberg's self-esteem inventory. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients, and logistic regression. RESULT: The average item score of the EPDS was 6.67. 12.4% of respondents, who scored above a threshold 12, were likely to be suffering from a depression of varying severity. The fitness of the model for explaining postpartum depression from six variables, plan for pregnancy, family support, quality of marital relation, perceived social support, life events, childcare stress, and self-esteem, was statistically significant and the predictive power of these variables was 90.9%. The significant predictors of postpartum depression were family support and child care stress. CONCLUSION: Further research is needed to identify the prevalence rate of postpartum depression using more reliable sampling methods from a large general population. Nursing interventions need to be developed for promoting family support and reducing childcare stress.

The Predictive Model of Adolescent Women's Depression / 간호학회지

This study was condicted to construct a hypothetical model of depression in Korean adolescent women and validate the fit of the model to the empiricla data. The data were collected from 345 high school girls in Seoul, from May 1 to June 30, 1998. The instruments were the Body Mass Index, Physical Satisfaction Scale, Family Adaptatibility and Cohesion Evaluation Scale III, Family Satisfaction Scale, CES-D and School Adaptation Scale. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics with the pc-SAS program. The Linear Structural Relationship(LISREL) modeling process was used to find the best fit model which would predict the causal relationships among the variables. The overall fit of the hypothetical model to the data was moderate [X2=69.6(df=17, p=.000), GFI=0.95, AGFI=0.90, RMR=0.087, NNFI=0.86, NFI=0.90]. The predictable variables, especially menstrual symptoms, physical symptoms and family function, had a significant direct effect on depression, but school life adaptation did not have a significant direct effect. These variables explained 18.1% of the total variance.