Drainage of External Jugular Vein into an Unusually Wider Internal Jugular Vein: A Rare Case Report.

The superficial veins are of utmost importanceclinically for cannulation, which is required fordiagnostic purposes and intravenous therapy. One suchsuperficial vein in the neck region is the externaljugular vein. The other vein, deeper in this region, isthe internal jugular vein. The internal jugular vein iscommonly used for central venous catheterization.Anomaly in the course and termination of bothexternal and Internal Jugular Veins (IJV) are critical asthey serve as an important route/site to perform variousdiagnostic or therapeutic procedures. Present caseshows a rare variation of termination of the rightexternal jugular vein into an unusually wider IJV.Variation as described in the present case, if found,would ease the clinicians' task to approach a lessaccessible IJV. Ultrasound-guided venouscatheterization would serve as a guide to perform theprocedure with ease and also to be familiar with suchvariations existing in the venous channels

Caesalpinia bonduc Linn Extracts Exhibit Hepatoprotective Effect on HepG2 Cells against Paracetamol by Up-regulating Glutathione Related Genes

Background: Caesalpinia bonduc (CB) is said to ownvarious pharmacological and therapeutic applicationagainst a number of diseases. It is used widely in folkmedicine to treat liver diseases. In the present study,we have made a sincere effort to evaluate thehepatoprotective activity of CB leaf extracts againstParacetamol (PCM) induced toxicity and theirmechanism of hepatoprotection in the humanHepatocarcinoma cells (HepG2 cells) therebyproviding scientific evidence for the same. Materialand Methods:The hepatoprotective activity of CB wasassessed in-vitro by the estimation of glutathione(GSH) and Malondialdehyde (MDA), anti-apoptoticassay/Annexin V and the expressions of genes such asGlutathione Reductase (GS-R) and GlutamateCysteine Ligase, Catalytic (GCLC). Results: Theobtained results suggest that the aqueous extract of CBpossess significant hepatoprotective activity. Thisactivity may be due to the possible antioxidantproperty and the free radical scavenging ability of theextracts, which might clear the toxic metabolites ofPCM. Conclusion: The present study suggests that theaqueous extract of CB have potential hepatoprotectiveactivity, which may prevent the lipid peroxidation ofthe cell membrane by its antioxidant properties.

A Cadaveric Study Of The Internal Occipital Crest And Vermian Fossa With Its Clinical Significance

Background: The anatomical variabilities of the internal occipital crest (IOC) and vermian fossa (VF) may influencethe related dural venous sinuses and further effect the flow of the cerebrospinal fluid. It is also associated withthe pathologies around the foramen magnum like Arnold Chiari malformation, certain cases of cerebellar corticaldysplasia.Aim: The present study was designed to explore and evaluate the morphological and morphometric details of theIOC and VF.Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 40 adult cadavers (23 males & 17 females). The morphologyand morphometry of IOC and VF were studied. Based on the observations, the VF was classified into five types:Type 1- classical (well defined fossa), Type II-short triangular, Type III- elongated triangular, Type IV-quadrangularand Type V-deviated.Results: The IOC was found to be variable both in terms of morphology and morphometry. The morphologicalobservations included varied shapes, i.e., sharp (65%), blunt (30 %) and ill-defined (5 %). The length of the IOCwas also variable with a mean length of 2.97 ± 0.16 cm. The mean width at upper, middle and lower levels were0.9 ± 0.10 cm, 0.75 ± 0.17 cm, 1.10 ± 0.12 cm respectively.The incidence of the VF was found to be about 80%. The VF was classified into types based on its varied shape:classical (Type I ;56.25 %), short triangular (Type II ;21.87%), elongated triangular (Type III;12.5%) and quadrangular(Type 1V;6.25 %) respectively. In one specimen, the VF was deviated to the left side (type V ;3.12%). The mean lengthand width of the fossa were 1.67±0.34 cm and 1.80±0.34 cm respectively.Conclusion: The present study on the morphology and morphometry of the IOC and the VF may serve as databaseand further help clinicians to improve the diagnosis and therapeutic performances in the posterior cranialfossa.