Venous malformation of the conjunctiva and orbit

A 28-year-old male presented with a large conjunctival lobulated, nonpulsatile, red vascular lesion involving a large part of the temporal quadrant of the left globe. There was no proptosis or globe displacement, but the left eye abduction was limited. T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scan of the brain and orbit revealed an extensive contrast-enhancing lobulated lesion in the left half of the face involving the upper lip, cheek, oral cavity, extraconal space of left orbit, and nasal cavity. He underwent surgical excision of the conjunctival lesion with amniotic membrane reconstruction.

Dry eye among medical students before and during COVID-19

Purpose: Dry eye is a multifactorial disease of the ocular surface. It showed an increased incidence during the pandemic situation, which may be due to long hours of exposure to electronic gadgets. We aimed to find the prevalence of dry eye disease among medical students during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID?19) pandemic and pre?pandemic periods. Methods: This was a cross?sectional study conducted in a tertiary care teaching institute. This was an institution?based, cross?sectional study conducted among medical students. A modified Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire was used to find the severity and prevalence of dry eye disease. Considering 95% confidence interval (CI) and prevalence as 50%, the calculated sample size was 271. Online responses were collected and entered in an Excel sheet. The Chi?square test, univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used for statistical analysis. Results: Data were collected from 271 medical students; the prevalence of dry eye disease was 41.5 and 55.19 during the pre?pandemic and pandemic periods, respectively. There was a significant rise in dry eye disease cases during the pandemic when compared to pre?pandemic period (P < 0.05). The odds of getting dry eye disease were 1.7 times more during the pandemic than pre?pandemic. Conclusion: The lockdown situation during the pandemic forced people to use electronic gadgets for work, recreation, and academics. Prolonged screen time predisposes to the development of dry eye disease

Clinical and imaging correlation of cerebral palsy: a retrospective study in a tertiary care centre

Background: Cerebral Palsy is the most common chronic motor disorder of childhood. Clinical spectrum is different in developing and developed countries. Aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical profile, co-morbidities and the imaging correlate of children with CP.Methods: Data was collected retrospectively from individual case records from March 2016 to October 2018. All children aged 2 years and above with clinical signs of cerebral palsy were included in the study.Results: A total of 78 children had the diagnosis of cerebral palsy, out of which 63 cases were included which satisfied the inclusion criteria. Most of the children were born out of singleton pregnancy (90.4%). The mean gestational age was 36.94'1.48 weeks. Most common type of cerebral palsy noted in present study was spastic quadriplegic type (n=34) followed by diplegic type (n=14). Epilepsy was associated in 36.5% (n=23) of children, and most commonly associated with spastic quadriplegic type of cerebral palsy(n=16). Other associated abnormalities included mental retardation, speech, hearing, cognitive, and behavioral abnormalities. Magnetic resonance imaging was normal in 60.3% (n=38) of children and abnormal in 39.68% (n=25) of children. Diffuse cerebral atrophy was the most common abnormal finding (n=9). Other abnormal findings included periventricular leucomalacia, basal ganglia lesions, cortical/subcortical lesion, focal infarcts and miscellaneous lesions.Conclusions: MRI helps in knowing the pathological basis of the disease, but clinical findings carry utmost importance. MRI positivity was seen in only 39.68% of cases. Hearing abnormalities being the most common association, proper screening tests and regular follow up is very essential.

Impact of pre-operative 200 g (P/R) per rectal misoprostol on blood loss during and after Cesarean delivery

Background: Intra-partum and early postpartum blood loss are increased in conjunction with Cesarean delivery. Misoprostol is a potent uterotonic agent that has been extensively studied in the prevention and treatment of PPH after vaginal delivery, however, its use in conjunction with CD has not been investigated as much. Objective: To evaluate the effect of preoperative administration of rectal misoprostol on blood loss during and after elective Cesarean delivery. Materials and methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted among 200 women scheduled for elective Cesarean delivery. The study group (n=100) received 200 µg of misoprostol. The control group (n=100) received placebo. The main outcome measures were intra-operative blood loss, postpartum blood loss at 24 hours, and difference between preoperative and postoperative hematocrit values. Results: The mean intra-operative and postpartum blood loss was lower in the study group than the control group: 374 ± 69.9 ml and 131 ± 31.8 ml versus 401 ± 79.9 and 145 ± 35.6 ml, respectively. The difference between the preoperative and postoperative hematocrit values was also significantly lower in the study group than the control group (4.3 ± 2.26 and 5.25 ± 2.61, p =0.006). Admissions to the neonatal intensive care unit and Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes were comparable between the two groups. Conclusion: Preoperative administration of 200 µg rectal misoprostol significantly reduced blood loss related to elective Cesarean delivery