Cambios en el modelo de atención de personas con multimorbilidad crónica: una revisión narrativa / Changes in the care model of people with chronic multimorbidity: a narrative review

Introducción: Muchos países deben enfrentarse al rápido aumento de personas viviendo con alguna condición crónica de salud. En Chile, según datos entregados por la última encuesta nacional de salud, se ha estimado que la población con alguna condición crónica es de 11 millones de personas, de las cuales un 81% presenta multimorbilidad. Este grupo tiene una menor calidad de vida, una mayor mortalidad ajustada por edad, mayor utilización de recursos del sistema de salud, así como un mayor riesgo de hospitalización y una estadía hospitalaria más prolongada. Metodología: revisión narrativa de la literatura para lograr identificar como se ha organizado el cuidado de los pacientes con multimorbilidad a lo largo del tiempo y como se han ido desarrollando estrategias que buscan un abor-daje distinto. Resultados: los sistemas de salud se han organizado con un enfoque centrado en la enfermedad, lo que genera que los pacientes reciban un cuidado fragmentado, ineficiente e inefectivo, sin lograr dimensionar la complejidad de la persona y su contexto biopsicosocial. Los sistemas de salud, principalmente en Europa han desarrollado diversas iniciativas que buscan cambiar la perspectiva desde el cuidado centrado en la enfermedad al cuidado centrado en la persona Conclusiones: se puede concluir que la multimorbilidad es un problema que afecta a millones de personas en el mundo y que los servicios y sistemas de salud necesitan hacer un cambio hacia un modelo centrado en la persona de forma de dar respuestas a las necesidades de este grupo de pacientes.

Función endotelial y lipemia postprandial en adultos con presencia de criterios asociados a síndrome metabólico: efecto del estado nutricional / Endothelial function and postprandial lipemia in adults presenting criteria associated to metabolic syndrome: effect of nutritional state

Resumen Introducción : La lipemia postprandial se caracteriza por un aumento de las lipoproteínas ricas en triglicéridos y varios trabajos lo describen como un factor que determina la salud metabólica de un individuo. El objetivo del estudio fue cuantificar la contribución del sobrepeso en la magnitud de la lipemia postprandial en 33 sujetos con criterios asociados al síndrome metabólico (n = 20, sobrepeso y n = 13 eutróficos, 66% hombres, edad media 31,2 ± 7,6 años). Métodos: Estudio descriptivo y transversal. Se midió la vasodilatación mediada por el flujo, la velocidad de onda del pulso, el perfil lipídico, el cociente Log triglicéridos/lipoproteínas de alta densidad, la glucosa y la presión arterial tras una ingesta estándar alta en lípidos (79% Kcal/grasa). Se calculó el Z-score de riesgo cardiovascular a partir de la suma de los residuos tipificados (Z) de las variables bioquímicas. El estado de lipemia se midió en ayuno (0 min.) y a los (60, 120, 180, y 240 minutos) postprandiales. Resultados: El valor basal de la vasodilatación mediada por el flujo y la velocidad de onda del pulso fue de 6,9 ± 5,9% y 7,0 ± 0,8 m/s, respectivamente. Se identificó que la lipemia postprandial reducía la vasodilatación mediada por el flujo en 19,2% a los 60 minutos (5,9 ± 1,5%) y a los 240 minutos (3,7 ± 1,2%) (p = 0,04), respectivamente. Este hallazgo se acompañó con un aumento en la velocidad de onda del pulso (p < 0,05). Al dividir los sujetos en dos grupos según el índice de masa corporal, los participantes en sobrepeso muestran cifras más elevadas en el Zscore de riesgo cardiovascular, la velocidad de onda del pulso, el Log triglicéridos/lipoproteínas de alta densidad y el Δ-velocidad de onda del pulso, (p < 0,001). Conclusión: Este estudio demuestra que los sujetos clasificados en sobrepeso y que presentan criterios asociados al síndrome metabólico, muestran un perfil cardiometabólico asociado con un mayor riesgo cardiovascular, tras una ingesta alta en grasas.

Abstract Introduction: Postprandial lipemia is characterised by an increase in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and several studies describe it as a factor that determines metabolic health of an individual. The motivation of the study was to quantify the contribution to overweight in the magnitude of the postprandial lipemia in 33 persons with criteria associated to metabolic syndrome (n = 20 being overweight and n = 13 eutrophic, 66% male, average age 31.2 ± 7.6 years). Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Flow-mediated vasodilation, pulse wave velocity, lipid profile, log of the triglyceride/protein ratio, glucose and blood pressure were measured after high standard intake of lipids (79% Kcal/fat). Z-score for cardiovascular risk was calculated using the sum of typified residues (Z) of biochemical variables. Lipemia state was measured at fasting (0 min) and after 60, 120, 180 and 240 postprandial minutes. Results: Baseline flow-mediated vasodilation and pulse wave velocity values were 6.9 ± 5.9% and 7.0 ± 0.8 m/s, respectively. It was identified that postprandial lipemia reduced flowmediated vasodilation by 19.2% after 60 minutes (5.9 ± 1.5%) and after 240 minutes (3.7 ± 1.2%) (p = 0.04), respectively. This finding was paired with an increase in pulse wave velocity (p < 0.05). When dividing subjects into two groups according to their body mass index, overweight participants show higher Z-score cardiovascular risk values, pulse wave velocity, log of the triglyceride/protein ratio and the Δ pulse wave velocity (p > 0.001). Conclusion: This study reveals that overweight individuals showing criteria associated to metabolic syndrome have a cardiometabolic profile linked to a higher cardiovascular risk, after high intake of lipids.

Tripanosomátidos aislados de mamíferos silvestres en tres departamentos de Bolivia (Cochabamba, Potosí y Santa Cruz de la Sierra) / Trypanosomatidae isolated from wild mammals in three departments of Bolivia (Cochabamba, Potosi and Santa Cruz de la Sierra)

Objetivos: el objetivo de la investigación fue aislar protozoarios kinetoplástidos a partir de mamíferos silvestres en tres departamentos de Bolivia, con la finalidad de identificar reservorios de tripanosomátidos que podrían causar infección en diferentes reservorios y enfermedades en el humano. Métodos: Los mamíferos silvestres fueron capturados en el Chaco, valles interandinos y la zona tropical de Bolivia, utilizando trampas Sherman, Havahard y Tomahawk. Los animales capturados fueron anestesiados para realizar el xenodiagnóstico y la extracción de sangre por punción cardiaca; el aislamiento de tripanosomátidos se realizó por hemocultivo utilizando medios de cultivo NNN y su respectiva identificación por las técnicas de PCR-RFLP en el laboratorio de Biología molecular IIBISMED. Resultados: fueron capturados 236 mamíferos silvestres pertenecientes a 30 especies, de las cuales 7 especies presentaron infección por hemoflagelados. Trypanosoma cruzi fue aislado de Didelphis marsupialis, D. albiventris, Galea musteloides, Graomys domorum y Andalgalomis pearsoni; T.c marinkellei y T. dionisii fueron aislados de Carolia perspicillata (murciélagos) y otros kinetoplástidos no identificados por herramientas moleculares disponibles fueron aislados de mamíferos del género Graomys y Andalgalomys, capturados en las provincias Campero de Cochabamba y Cordillera del departamento de Santa Cruz. Conclusiones: El T. cruzi, T.c. marinkellei, T. dionisii y otros tripanosomátidos se encuentran infectando a marsupiales (Didelphis), roedores (Graomys y Andalgalomys) y cobayos silvestres (Galea) los cuales se encuentran en su ciclo silvestre en las zonas estudiadas.

Objectives: The aim of this research was isolate kinetoplastid protozoan from wild mammals in three departments of Bolivia, to identify Trypanosomatids reservoirs that could cause infection in different reservoirs and disease in humans. Methods: The wild mammals were caught in the Chaco, valleys and the tropical zone of Bolivia, using Sherman, Havahard and Tomahawk traps. Captured animals were anesthetized and xenodiagnosis and blood cardiac puncture was performed; trypanosomatides isolation using blood culture was done in NNN culture media and the respective identification was performed by PCR-RFLP techniques in the molecular biology laboratory of IIBISMED. Results: 236 wild mammals belonging to 30 species were captured, of which 7 species showed infection by hemoflagellates. Trypanosoma cruzi was isolated from Didelphis marsupialis, D. albiventris, Galea musteloides, Graomys domorum and Andalgalomis pearsoni; T.c. marinkellei and T. dionisii were isolated from Carolia perspicillata (bats) and other kinetoplastid not identified by available molecular tools were also isolated from Andalgalomys and Graomys mammals genus, from Campero and Cordillera provinces of Cochabamba and Santa Cruz. Conclusions: The T. cruzi, T.c. marinkellei, T. dionisii and other trypanosomatids are infecting marsupials (Didelphis), rodents (Graomys and Andalgalomys) and wild guinea pigs (Galea) which are found in a sylvatic cycle in the studied areas.

Resultados de un sistema de atención privado basado en un modelo de salud familiar en Chile / Results of a private primary health system based on a family health care model in Chile

Background: The health care network of a University in Chile started a family based primary health care system using pre paid model as financing. Aim: To describe the results of this family Health Care Center. Material and Methods: Between 1999 and 2006, the Pontificia Universidad Catolica-Health Network offered a family care plan characterized by a preferential access to a Family Care Center (CSF), that coordinated and solved all health care needs. Several indicators and perception of satisfaction were used to assess the results of this plan, in 2003 and 2004. Results: During the study períod, 5,402 people were attended. Seventy three percent of these were aged between 15-44 years. The waiting lapse was less than 48 hours for medical appointments and less than 30 days for programmed surgical procedures. The coverage of preventive actions varied from 26 percent of mammographies among women between 25 to 69 years old to 100 percent for healthy child care among newborns. Thirty one percent of diabetics achieved a glycosilated hemoglobin of less than 7 percent and 19 percent of hypertensive subjects achieved blood pressure values below 135/85 mmHg. Family physicians had 2.3 appointments per person per year and solved 85 percent of the medicalproblems that motivated the consultation. In average, 88 percent of interviewed subjects evaluated the attention received as very good or excellent. Conclusions: The application of this model in the private sector achieves measurable health care results with a good degree ofclient satisfaction.

Análisis crítico de un artículo: La terapia de reemplazo con la combinación de T3 con T4 no sería mejor que T4 sola en pacientes hipotiroideos / Critical appraisal: Combined T3 and T4 replacement therapy is not better than replacement with T4 alone

Conflicting results have recently been published about the benefits of combined thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) in treating hypothyroid patients. However these studies may have been underpowered to detect differences in psychological well-being specifically related to thyroxine replacement. We conducted a large, double-blind, randomized controlled trial of partial substitution of 50 microg of T4 by 10 microg of T3 (T3) vs placebo (T4 alone - 50 microg of T4 replaced) in 697 hypothyroid patients. Thyroid function showed a rise in the TSH (132%), a fall in Free T4 (35%, P <0.001) and unchanged basal Free T3 levels (P=0.92). At 3 months there was a large (39%) ®placebo effect¼ improvement in ®psychiatric caseness¼ defined by the General Health Questionnaire 12 score (GHQ 12) in the control group compared with baseline and this was sustained at 12 months. Differences vs the intervention (T3) group were more modest with improvements in GHQ caseness (OR - 0.61; 95% CI: 0.42, 0.90; P=0.01) and HADS anxiety scores at 3 months (P <0.03) but not GHQ Likert scores, HADS depression, thyroid symptoms or visual analog scales of mood and the initial differences were lost at 12 months. These results may be consistent with a subgroup of patients showing transient improvement following partial substitution with T3 but do not provide conclusive evidence of specific benefit from partial substitution of T4 by T3 in patients on thyroxine replacement. They also emphasize the large and sustained ®placebo effect¼ that can follow changes in thyroid hormone administration.

Función tiroidea en una población con aporte extra de yodo / Thyroid function in a population with an extra iodine intake

Background: After 20 years of iodine salt fortification, the prevalence of goiter has decreased significantly in the rural area of Pirque, central Chile. In this location, equipment has been installed that efficiently and economically adds 0.5 mg of elemental iodine per liter of water to render it potable. Aim: To study thyroid function and urinary iodine excretion in scbool age cbildren of this zone, after two years of extra iodine intake. Material and methods: One hundred thirty four children aged 6 to 12 years old were examined. In 56 randomly chosen children a morning urine sample was obtained to measure iodine excretion. In 45 children without goiter, a blood sample was obtained to measure TSH and thyroxin. Results: In nine cbildren (7 percent) a diffuse goiter was found. Median urinary iodine excretion was 158 ug/dl. Thyroxin and TSH levels were within normal limits (8.4Ý1.1 ug/dl and 2.2Ý1.5 uU/ml respectively). During the period of iodine water supplementation there were 47 births in the zone. All newborns had normal TSH values and none had goiter. Conclusions: When present results are compared with the period before water iodination (when the prevalence of goiter was 9.6 percent and mean urinary iodine excretion was 57.6 ug/dl), it can be concluded that extra iodine intake in this rural population has not caused additional thyroid problems

Prevalencia de bocio en escolares de la zona de Pirque: efecto de la yodación de la sal / Prevalence of goiter in school children at Pirque: effects of salt iodination

Twenty years ago, Pirque was a zone with a goiter prevalence of 39 percent, to assess the effects of salt iodination on the prevalence of goiter, school age children from 4 public schools of Pirque, were examined, following WHO criteria for the diagnosis of goiter. Urinary iodine excretion was also measured. Five hundred ninety one males and 298 females aged 12.1ñ2.5 years were examined. Fifty seven children (9.6 percent) had goiter. In 53, the goiter was grade I and in 4, grade II. No sex differences were observed. Minimal and median urinary iodine excretion values were 12.6 and 57.6 ug/dll respectively. In conclusion, goiter prevalence dropped from 39 to 10 percent. The fact that iodine intake is over minimal recommendations, underscores the effectiveness of salt iodination

Infiltración adiposa difusa de la glándula tiroides asociada a amiloidosis en un paciente con insuficiencia renal crónica / Diffuse fatty infiltration of the thyroid gland associated to amyloidosis in a patient with chronic renal failure

We report a 26 years old male with secondary amyloidosis and chronic renal failure who consulted due to rapidly growing goiter associated with coarseness and dysphagia. Serum levels of thyroid hormones and TSH were normal and a neck CT scan showed a big mass in the anterior lateral regions, thet compressed neighboring structures. The patient was subjected to a total thyroidectomy and the pathological study revealed a diffuse fatty and amyloid infiltration of the thyroid gland. There was no evidence of malignancy

Evaluación clínica del vello corporal en mujeres sanas / Clinical assessment of body hair in healthy women

To study tha amount and distribution of terminal body hair in non-hirsute women consulting in a public outpatient clinic. Two hundred thirty six premenopausical women consulting in a birth control clinic or consulting for acute non-endocrinological diseases were studied. Body hair was assessed with a semi-quantitative clinical method described by Ferriman and Gallwey. Ninetyfive percent of women had a score equal or less than 5. No correlations were found between the score and body mass index or age. Partial scores over 1 were found specially in the lower abdomen, chest, superior lip and thighs. This sample of women, coming from middle and low socioeconomic levels, appears more hairlee than European or North American Women. Thus, hirsutism must be suspected with scores over 5. These results cannot be extrapolated to all Chilean women, due to differences in ethnical backgrounds

Un caso de neutropenia y agranulocitosis inducidas por clozapina: importancia de un programa de farmacovigilancia para su detección precoz / A case of neutropenia and agranulocytosis due to clozapine: importance of a drug surveillance programme for its early detection

Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic drug with a very low incidence of extrapyramidal effect, used in the treatment of schozophrenic patients refractory or intolerant to classical neuroleptics. Its use is limited due to the potential risk of producing agranulocytosis in 1 to 2 per cent of patients. Despite the severity of this complication, the Federal Drug Administration allowed its use as long as iots prescription is associated to a drug surveillance program. Two patients had a transitory leukopenia with less than 2000 leukocytes/ml and less than 1000 neutrophyls/ml, that reverted after discontinuing the drug. One patient, whose case is described, had a severe agranulocytosis with less than 500 neutrophyls/ml that required hospital admission

Sobre la peligrosidad y su determinación en psiquiatría forense / About dangerous and it determination in forensic psychiatry

La evaluación de la peligrosidad es un importante y complejo tema en psiquiatría forense, en el presente artículo se revisa dicho concepto y se analizan los elementos que influyen en la exactitud de esta predicción

Aspectos forenses y epidemiológicos del suicidio en Santiago / Forensic and epidemiological aspects of suicide in Santiago

En este trabajo se analizan estadísticas de suicidio del Servicio Médico Legal, Area Metropolitana, para los bienios 1980-1981 y 1989-1990 y se compran con los resultados encontrados en la literatura para los bienios 1961-62 y 1971-72. Se estudian las tasas generales, por grupos etarios y por sexo. También se analiza el método usado y la alcoholemia encontrada en la autopsia. Se discuten los posibles sesgos de la información recopilada, sobre todo en lo referente a cambios en los criterios disgnósticos

Evolución de un grupo de pacientes alcohólicos después de diez años / Evolution after 10 years of a group of alcoholic patients

Se estudia la evolución a 10 años plazo de un grupo de 26 pacientes alcohólicos, hospitalizados en 1978, en la Clínica Psiquiátrica Universitaria. En el transcurso del tiempo se perfilaron dos grupos, uno de buena y otro de mala evolución. Fueron similares en cuanto a: edad promedio, estado civil, cuadro clínico y tratamiento recibido. Encontramos que el grupo de mala evolución era claramente mayoritario y estaba formado principalmente por varones inactivos o jubilados y tenían mejor nivel educacional. Finalmente el hecho más inquietante fue mortalidad encontrada, que alcanzó al 38,5% de los sujetos y con edad promedio de 53 años, datos que ilustran la gravedad de la enfermedad