Novel Methods of Lymph Node Evaluation for Predicting the Prognosis of Colorectal Cancer Patients with Inadequate Lymph Node Harvest / Journal of the Korean Cancer Association, 대한암학회지

PURPOSE: Lymph node metastasis is an important factor for predicting the prognosis of colorectal cancer patients. However, approximately 60% of patients do not receive adequate lymph node evaluation (less than 12 lymph nodes). In this study, we identified a more effective tool for predicting the prognosis of patients who received inadequate lymph node evaluation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The number of metastatic lymph nodes, total number of lymph nodes examined, number of negative metastatic lymph nodes (NL), lymph node ratio (LR), and the number of apical lymph nodes (APL) were examined, and the prognostic impact of these parameters was examined in patients with colorectal cancer who underwent surgery from January 2004 to December 2011. In total, 806 people were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: In comparison of different lymph node analysis methods for rectal cancer patients who did not receive adequate lymph node dissection, the LR showed a significant difference in overall survival (OS) and the APL predicted a significant difference in disease-free survival (DFS). In the case of colon cancer patients who did not receive adequate lymph node dissection, LR predicted a significant difference in DFS and OS, and the APL predicted a significant difference in DFS. CONCLUSION: If patients did not receive adequate lymph node evaluation, the LR and NL were useful parameters to complement N stage for predicting OS in colon cancer, whereas LR was complementary for rectal cancer. The APL could be used for prediction of DFS in all patients.

The Expression of Multiple Proteins as Prognostic Factors in Colorectal Cancer: Cathepsin D, p53, COX-2, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, C-erbB-2, and Ki-67

BACKGROUND/AIMS: A single gene mutation alone cannot explain the poor prognosis of colorectal cancer. This study aimed to establish a correlation between the expression of six proteins and the prognosis of colorectal cancer patients. METHODS: Tissue samples were collected from 266 patients who underwent surgery for colorectal cancer at our institution from January 2006 to December 2007. The expression of six proteins were determined using immunohistochemical staining of specimens. RESULTS: Cathepsin D, p53, COX-2, epidermal growth factor receptor, c-erbB-2, and Ki-67 expression were detected in 38.7%, 60.9%, 37.6%, 35.7%, 30.1%, and 74.4% of the samples, respectively. The expression of cathepsin D was significantly correlated with reduced cancer-free survival (p=0.036) and colorectal cancer-specific survival (p=0.003), but the other expression levels were not. In a multivariate analysis, cathepsin D expression was found to be an independent prognostic factor for poorer colorectal cancer-specific survival (hazard ratio, 8.55; 95% confidence interval, 1.07 to 68.49). Furthermore, patients with tumors expressing four or more of the proteins had a significantly decreased cancer-free survival rate (p=0.006) and colorectal cancer-specific survival rate (p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with cathepsin D positivity had a poorer outcome than patients who were cathepsin D-negative. Thus, cathepsin D may provide an indicator for appropriate intensive follow-up and adjuvant chemotherapy.

Clinical Implications of Systemic Inflammatory Response Markers as Independent Prognostic Factors in Colorectal Cancer Patients / Journal of the Korean Cancer Association, 대한암학회지

PURPOSE: Cancer-related inflammation affects many aspects of malignancy. We confirm the effects of early postoperative systemic inflammation on cancer prognosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six hundred consecutive patients underwent surgery for colorectal cancer from 2006 to 2009. Measurements of white blood cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and platelet counts were performed preoperatively, daily until the fourth postoperative day, and subsequently every two days. Patients were divided into three groups based on the days spent on the leukocyte count to drop below 10,000/mm3 after surgery. RESULTS: Preoperative white blood cell (WBC) counts correlated with stage of disease. In univariate survival analyses, tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) stage, and monocyte count were associated with cancer-free survival. In addition, cancer-free survival outcomes were worse in patients who required more than four days for the normalization of WBC count. A TNM stage greater than II and the neutrophil lymphocyte ratio were associated with the duration of overall survival. In a multivariate analysis of these significant variables, TNM stage, an interval longer than four days for normalization of WBC counts and monocyte count independently associated with cancer-free survival. CONCLUSION: Postoperative early inflammatory phase and preoperative monocyte count correlate with poor colon cancer prognosis. We can conclude that preoperative and postoperative inflammatory response and period unfavorably affect the metastatic microenvironment.

Clinical Implications of Systemic Inflammatory Response Markers as Independent Prognostic Factors in Colorectal Cancer Patients / Journal of the Korean Cancer Association, 대한암학회지

PURPOSE: Cancer-related inflammation affects many aspects of malignancy. We confirm the effects of early postoperative systemic inflammation on cancer prognosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six hundred consecutive patients underwent surgery for colorectal cancer from 2006 to 2009. Measurements of white blood cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and platelet counts were performed preoperatively, daily until the fourth postoperative day, and subsequently every two days. Patients were divided into three groups based on the days spent on the leukocyte count to drop below 10,000/mm3 after surgery. RESULTS: Preoperative white blood cell (WBC) counts correlated with stage of disease. In univariate survival analyses, tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) stage, and monocyte count were associated with cancer-free survival. In addition, cancer-free survival outcomes were worse in patients who required more than four days for the normalization of WBC count. A TNM stage greater than II and the neutrophil lymphocyte ratio were associated with the duration of overall survival. In a multivariate analysis of these significant variables, TNM stage, an interval longer than four days for normalization of WBC counts and monocyte count independently associated with cancer-free survival. CONCLUSION: Postoperative early inflammatory phase and preoperative monocyte count correlate with poor colon cancer prognosis. We can conclude that preoperative and postoperative inflammatory response and period unfavorably affect the metastatic microenvironment.

Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm of the Bile Ducts

Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the bile ducts (IPMNs-B) are uncommon lesions that are characterized by innumerable papillary fronds that contain fine vascular cores, enriched mucin production and bile duct dilatation. IPMNs-B are histologically similar to intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas and they are occasionally associated with hepatolithiasis. IPMNs-B are considered to be relatively low-grade malignancy and they merit consideration for aggressive surgery. Thus, early and precise diagnosis is important to maximize patient survival. From July 2002 to March 2006, we identified four patients with IPMNs-B at our hospital. In three patients, intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile duct stones were associated with their condition. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance cholangiography were done in all four cases and this demonstrated marked dilatation of the biliary tree. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography was done in two cases and a large amount of mucin that was draining from the patulous orifice of the duodenal papilla was seen on endoscopy. However, two cases were initially misdiagnosed as intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma or choledochal cyst with intrahepatic bile duct stones. All the cases underwent ipsilateral hemihepatectomy with caudate lobectomy. Histologically, one case showed to be adenoma, one case was borderline and two cases were invasive adenocarcinoma.

Primary Gastric Neuroendocrine Tumor with Hepatic Metastasis

Gastric neuroendocrine tumor is an uncommon entity, and it constitutes less than 1% of all neuroendocrine tumors and less than 2% of all gastric neoplasms. Regardless of its origin, approximately 75% of the patients with neuroendocrine tumors will develop liver metastasis. We report here on two cases of primary neuroendocrine tumor with hepatic metastasis. A 37-year-old-man presented with chronic and intermittent abdominal pain in the epigastric area. He was diagnosed with gastric neuroendocrine tumor together with hepatic metastasis, based on the imaging studies and the octreotide scan. Subtotal gastrectomy and right hemihepatectomy was done and the patient was discharged on the postoperative 15th day without any complication. Another 41-year-old man presented with abdominal discomfort and a RUQ palpable mass. He was diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma based on the abdominal computerized tomography (CT). However, we incidentally found a gastric mass in the operating field and subtotal gastrectomy was then done. The pathologic report was large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. The patient was discharged on the postoperative 19th day without any complication.