Relationship of smoking and myocardial infarction among male above 40 years checking into Jinnah hospital

Objective: To find an association between smokingand the development of myocardial infarction inmale patients above forty years of age presenting atthe Cardiology department of Jinnah HospitalLahore

Material and method: This is a casecontrolstudy

Results: Out of a total of 120 cases66.67% [80] patients were smokers. Similarly, outof a total of 120 controls 35% [42] were found to besmokers. Odd Ratio is 3.71

Conclusion: With thisstudy it was concluded that smoking is a risk factorfor the development of myocardial infarction. Thisstudy showed that the patients with myocardialinfarction are more likely to have past history ofsmoking

Prevalence of gross congenital malformations at birth in the neonates in a tertiary care hospital

To determine prevalence, pattern of distribution of congenital anomalies in newborn. Cross-sectional observational study. This study was carried out in the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ward 18, Nishtar Hospital, Multan. This was a cross sectional study. All the women giving birth to babies included. Demographic details, associated risk factors and the type of congenital anomalies in babies were recorded. Diagnosis of congenital anomalies was based on clinical evaluation of newborn by experienced neonatologist. A total of 611 consecutive neonates delivered in Nishtar Hospital Multan, were subjected to full clinical evaluation. Social data included parental consanguinity and social class. The prevalence of malformations in the 611 hospital live births and stillbirths was 2.95%. Malformed neonates [18] were classified into 06 groups according to the system affected using World Health Organization classification of congenital malformations. The most common anomalies were: central nervous system [38.88%], cleft lip and cleft palate [11.11%], musculoskeletal system [5.55%], ear, face and neck [5.55%], gastrointestinal tract [5.55%] and having more than one defect [33.33%].Parental consanguinity was found in 31.79% of all cases and in 55.5% of malformed cases, thus illustrating the deleterious effects of consanguinity. The commonest associated risk factor was consanguineous marriage the frequency of which may be reduced by creating awareness regarding the avoidance of consanguineous marriages. CNS related malformations were the most prevalent anomaly detected and early prenatal diagnosis is helpful in decreasing the indirect prevalence of perinatal mortality by offering early termination