Nuclear Medicine Methods for Assessment of Chronic Chagas Heart Disease

Abstract Several different imaging methods can be used to evaluate patients with Chagas heart disease (CHD) for diagnostic and prognostic purposes, including plain chest radiography; echocardiography; myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, for detection of ischemia and fibrosis; radionuclide gated-angiography, for evaluation of biventricular function; 123I-MIBG labeling of sympathetic myocardial innervation; MRI, for detection and quantitation of myocardial fibrosis; and coronary angiography. This study aims to review the contributions of these nuclear medicine methods to understanding of the pathophysiology of chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC). Careful analysis and integration of findings provided by these imaging methods in patients with CCC at different stages has contributed significantly to improving understanding of several peculiarities of the disease. Clinical and experimental studies in animal models show that perfusion abnormalities detected in association with dysfunctional but viable myocardium are a common finding in CCC patients and correspond to areas of cardiac sympathetic denervation, as assessed by 123I-MIBG imaging. Furthermore, recent reports have demonstrated a close relationship between coronary microvascular disturbances and myocardial inflammation. Thus, ongoing research, mainly focused on refinements of 18F-FDF -PET techniques and further exploration of nuclear methods, such as SPECT, have the potential to contribute to detection and monitoring of early subclinical myocardial damage thereby enabling evaluation of therapeutic strategies targeting inflammation and microvascular ischemia that could result in better prognostic stratification of patients with CHD.

Aspectos imunológicos da infecção por Trypanosoma Cruzi - persistência do parasita e autoimunidade / Immunological aspects of Trypanosoma Cruzi infection - persistence of the and autoimmunity

Apesar de a doença de Chagas ter sido intensamente estudada ao longo de mais de um século desde sua descoberta, existem lacunas de conhecimento com relação aos mecanismos fisiopatogênicos que levam ao desenvolvimento tardio da cardiomiopatia chagásica crônica. Um aspecto intrigante da doença é a complexa interação entre o hospedeiro e o parasita e suas repercussões. A ocorrência de documentada inflamação tecidual, presente mais intensamente na fase aguda, mas persistente em baixa intensidade também na fase crônica, pode ser consequência do tropismo cardíaco do parasita ou de alterações autoimunes. Nesta revisão, nós abordaremos as evidências do papel patológico da persistência do parasita e da autoimunidade na patogênese da doença de Chagas

Although Chagas disease has been studied intensely for more than a century since it was first discovered, there are gaps in the knowledge of the physiopathogenic mechanism that lead to the late development of chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy. An intriguing aspect of the disease is the complex interaction between the host and the parasite and its repercussions. The occurrence of documented tissue inflammation, which is more intensely present in the acute phase but also persists with lower intensity in the chronic phase, may be a consequence of cardiac tropism of the parasite or of autoimmune changes. In this review, we address the evidence of the pathological role of persistence of the parasite and autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of Chagas disease