Transesophageal echocardiography during percutaneous mitral commissurotomy in patients with left atrial thrombus.

BACKGROUND: Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is used routinely before percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy (PTMC) to detect left atrial appendage thrombus (LAAT) to avoid the risk of embolic complications. The issue of whether patients with small and fixed LAAT should be denied the potential benefit of PTMC is worth examining. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of PTMC with Inoue balloon catheter in mitral stenosis patients with LAAT using TEE continuous monitoring during the procedure. Material and Method: All TEE studies performed during PTMC and transthoracic echo-cardiography (TTE) performed the same day and repeated on the day after the procedure between March 1995 and January 2000 were reviewed. RESULTS: A total of 1,238 consecutive TEE during PTMC were reviewed. LAAT was detected in 111 patients (mean age 43.7 +/- 10.1 years, male:female = 1:2, atrial fibrillation : sinus rhythm 2.47:1). LAAT were grossly oval with the largest measuring 3.5 x 2.8 centimeters. Mobile LAAT was detected in 3 patients (2.7%), one of whom developed a transient ischemic attack and another had an episode of stroke after PTMC. Mitral valve area (by 2D Echocardiography) pre PTMC was 0.8 +/- 0.2 cm2 and post-PTMC was 1.5 +/- 0.3 cm2. Most of our patients became fully ambulatory and could be discharged from the hospital the day after the procedure, except for two patients who developed severe mitral regurgitation and needed elective mitral valve surgery thereafter. CONCLUSION: PTMC with the Inoue-balloon catheter can be carefully and safely performed in patients with small, fixed LAAT under continuous TEE guidance with acceptable risk.

Frequency of angina pectoris and coronary artery disease in severe isolated valvular aortic stenosis.

Angina pectoris is a frequent symptom of severe valvular aortic stenosis (AS), even in the presence of normal coronary arteries. To determine the prevalence of angiographically significant coronary artery disease (CAD) and its relation to angina pectoris and coronary risk factors in severe isolated valvular AS patients. All cases of symptomatic AS patients who underwent aortic valve replacement and preoperative cardiac catheterization at the Central Chest Hospital between January 1, 1986 and December 31, 1996 were retrospectively analyzed. Excluded were those with multiple valvular disease, aortic regurgitation of grade 2 or more, and prior coronary or valve surgery. A total of ninety consecutive patients with severe AS (64 men and 26 women, mean age 58.94 years, range 38 to 71) were studied. Significant CAD (coronary diameter stenoses > or = 50%) was found in 15 patients (16.7%). Typical angina was present in 66.7 per cent of them but it was also found in 46.7 per cent of the non-CAD patients. This symptom had low positive predictive value (22%). Of the patients without angina (n = 45) 11.1 per cent had significant CAD, The negative predictive value of angina alone was thus 89 per cent. By univariate logistic regression, the statistically significant variables to discriminate those with or without significant CAD were age, history of hypertension, positive familial history of premature CAD, and cholesterol level. However, only age and hypertension were statistically significant by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Coronary arteriography can probably be omitted in severe valvular AS, especially those without a history of hypertension and < 40 years of age in men and < 50 years in women. For all other cases, coronary arteriography is recommended. In our study, angina pectoris is not a significant predictor for associated CAD.