RESUMO
Salt in diet is very important to make our life healthy and energetic. Quantity and quality of salt with appropriate ratio or balance in electrolytes which are responsible for volume of body, blood velocity, for functions of receptors and enzymes, to prevent inflammation, proliferation and to make balance in muscles contraction and nerve conduction through to avoid high stimulation of sympathetic nervous system. Hence, scanning and focus with monitoring and supply of healthy salt in limits may prevent volume overload, renal dysfunction & left ventricular hypertrophy, to prevent cardiac functions, to avoid the weaken gut immunity and also to prevent cerebral oedema, cerebral aneurysm and hypertension cause stroke. Control of salt with intake of low quantity and high quality with more frequency of intervals during 24 hours in required amount of salt in balanced electrolytes may help to avoid high salt sensitivity. Balanced salt intake is also important to avoid volume expansion and obesity with reduction of insulin resistance leads to prevent hypertension and diabetes which are leading risk factors for cardio-renal syndrome, cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Our data suggested a 2.5-fold higher risk for high blood pressure in sea or white salt users versus black salt or Himalayan rock salt which showed more potassium and magnesium with low sodium ions as compared to sea salt.
RESUMO
Background & objectives: Tension-type headache (TTH) is the most common type of primary headache disorder. Its chronic form is often the most ignored and challenging to treat. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a novel technique in the treatment of chronic pain. The aim of this pilot study was to explore the effect of low-frequency repetitive TMS (rTMS) on pain status in chronic TTH (CTTH) by subjective and objective pain assessment. Methods: Patients (n=30) diagnosed with CTTH were randomized into rTMS (n=15) and placebo (n=15) groups in this study. Pre-intervention detailed history of patients was taken. Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) for Pain and questionnaires [Headache Impact Test-6 (HIT-6), McGill Pain Questionnaire, Pain Beliefs Questionnaire, Coping Strategies Questionnaire, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Test, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and WHO-Quality of Life Questionnaire-Brief version] were filled, and objective assessments such as nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR) and conditioned pain modulation were done. The tests were repeated after 20 sessions (5 days/week). In the rTMS group, 1200 pulses in eight trains of 150 pulses each were given at 1Hz over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (RDLPFC). In the placebo group, the rTMS coil was placed such that magnetic stimulation did not reach the cortex. Results: The NRS score decreased significantly (P<0.001) and NFR thresholds increased significantly (P=0.011) in the rTMS group when compared to placebo group. Interpretation & conclusions: Subjective improvements in the NRS, HIT-6, McGill Present Pain Intensity, trait of anxiety and psychological pain beliefs were observed. The increase in the thresholds of NFR served as an objective marker for improvement in pain status. Further studies need to be done to confirm our preliminary findings.