Research progress in clinical application and pharmacological effect of Yiyi Fuzi Baijiang Powder / 中国中药杂志

Yiyi Fuzi Baijiang Powder(YFBP), originating from Synopsis of the Golden Chamber, is a classic prescription composed of Coicis Semen, Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata, and Patriniae Herba for the treatment of abscesses and pus discharge. This article presented a systematic analysis of the clinical application of YFBP, including the indicated diseases, the number of cases, efficacy, dosage, administration methods, and compatibility with other drugs. The analysis reveals that YFBP has a wide range of clinical applications. It is commonly used, often with modifications or in combination with western medicine, for diseases in the fields of gastroente-rology, gynecology, urology, dermatology, and others. And most of the Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) evidence involved in these diseases are damp-heat evudence. The prescription shows rich variations in clinical administration methods, and most of which are the treatment of aqueous decoction of it. The therapeutic effect is also significant, and the total effective rate of clinical treatment is re-latively high. Additionally, this article summarized the pharmacological research on YFBP and found that it possessed various pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and immune-modulating properties. Finally, correlation analysis was conducted on the main diseases, TCM types, prescription doses, pharmacological effects and action targets of YFBP, which to show the relationship between these five aspects in a visual form, reflecting the relationship between its clinical application and modern pharmacological effects. These findings provide a reference basis for further development and research on YFBP.

Correlation between bone mineral density and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in patients with rheumatoid arthritis / 中华风湿病学杂志

Objective:To investigate the relationship between neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and bone mineral density (BMD) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and to evaluate its diagnostic value in RA with osteoporosis.Methods:134 RA patients and 69 healthy subjects were screened and NLR levels were compared between the two groups. Bone mineral density of lumbar L1-4 and femoral neck was measured by dual energy X-ray absorption (DXA), and the patients were divided into normal bone mass group (44 cases), reduced bone mass group (47 cases) and osteoporosis group (43 cases). Height, weight, course of disease, mean platelet volume, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactionprotein (CRP), complement C3, complement C4, rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibody, bone mineral density and other related indicators were recorded. The differences of NLR, body mass index(BMI) gender, age and other indicators among the three groups were compared by One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Kruskal-Wallis test, or χ2 test. Correlation analysis was conducted to detect the correlation between NLR, bone mass and each indicator, and ordered multi-classification Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the im-pact of each indicator on osteoporosis, and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to predict the diagnostic value of NLR and combined related indicators on osteoporosis. Results:NLR of RA patients (3.1±1.7) was higher than that of healthy controls (1.7±0.5) ( F=21.27, P<0.001). In the osteoporosis group, the reduced bone mass group, and the normal bone mass group, age (66±8), (62±10), (50±13), disease course (15±10), (9±8, (7±7), BMI (20±4) kg/m 2, (22±3) kg/m 2, (24±3) kg/m 2, NLR (3.9±2.3, 2.7±1.2, 2.6±1.0), CRP (41±43) mg/L, (28±34) mg/L, (18±26) mg/L, ESR (46±30) mm/1 h, (36±26) mm/1 h, (26±20) mm/1 h were significantly different among the three groups ( χ2=32.92, P<0.001; H=17.41, P<0.001; F=12.04, P<0.001; H=11.62, P=0.030; H=13.78, P=0.001; F=7.18, P=0.001). Correlation analysis showed that NLR was correlated with CRP, ESR, anti-CCP antibody, femoral neck bone mineral density, DAS28 score and age. The correlation coefficients were 0.49 ( P<0.001), 0.39 ( P<0.001), 0.30( P<0.001), -0.18( P=0.042), 0.50( P<0.001), 0.17( P=0.046), respectively. Femoral neck was correlated with age, BMI, course of disease, CRP, ESR. The correlation coefficients were -0.46( P<0.001), 0.38 ( P<0.001),-0.39 ( P<0.001), -0.34 ( P<0.001), the correlation coefficients of L1-4 with age, BMI, CRP and ESR were -3.41( P<0.001), 0.39( P<0.001), -0.22( P=0.010), -2.42( P=0.005), respectively. There was no correlation between bone mineral density and DAS28 and anti-CCP antibody. Ordered multi-classification Logistic regression analysis showed that: age, course of disease, NLR and ESR were risk factors for osteoporosis, and their OR values were 1.12 ( P<0.001), 1.05 ( P=0.025), 1.29 ( P=0.031), 1.02 ( P=0.039), 0.28 ( P=0.008), respectively. Body mass index ( OR=0.76, P<0.001) were protective factors. ROC curve showed that the AUC area of NLR was 0.68, the AUC area of NLR, BMI, age, sex and course of disease was 0.90, the cut-off value was 0.20, sensitivity was 0.95, and specificity was 0.73[95% CI(0.84, 0.95)]. Conclusion:In osteoporosis, NLR is related to bone mass and disease activity of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Combined with other related indexes, NLR can be used as a predictive diagnostic index and has a guiding role in clinical practice.

Action Mechanism of Chinese Medicine Polysaccharides in Prevention and Treatment Diabetes and Its Complications：A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Diabetes is a metabolic disease mainly characterized by hyperglycemia due to inadequate insulin secretion. And persistent hyperglycemia can cause chronic damage or dysfunction of eyes， kidneys， heart， blood vessels and nerves. Polysaccharides are high molecular carbohydrates polymerized by glycosidic bonds from more than 10 monosaccharide molecules of the same or different types. They have the advantages of wide sources， high safety and low toxic and so on. As one of the important effective components of traditional Chinese medicine， polysaccharides have biological activities such as immune regulation， anti-oxidation， anti-tumor， lowering blood sugar and so on. The structure is directly related to biological activities， and the advanced structure of polysaccharides is based on the primary structure. Exploring the primary structure of polysaccharides is the key task of lowering blood sugar and improving diabetic complications. This paper summarizes the monosaccharide composition of the primary structure of Chinese medicine polysaccharides， and the mechanism of Chinese medicine polysaccharides improving diabetes is emphasized by increasing the secretion and release of insulin， increasing the islet β cell number， upregulating insulin receptor level， improving glucose and lipid metabolism， inhibiting inflammatory response， improving oxidative stress and regulating phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase（PI3K）/protein kinase B （Akt）， mitogen activated protein kinase， cyclic adenosine monophosphate（cAMP）/protein kinase A（PKA） and adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase（AMPK） signaling pathways. At the same time， we also summarized the prevention and treatment of Chinese medicine polysaccharides in diabetic nephropathy， diabetic cardiomyopathy， diabetic ophthalmopathy and diabetic peripheral neuropathy， in order to provide a theoretical basis for new drug development and clinical application of Chinese medicine polysaccharides in the intervention of diabetes and its complications.

Medication Rules of Clinical Prescriptions Containing Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus Based on Data Mining / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo reveal the medication rules of the clinical prescriptions containing Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus， and to provide a basis for the modern clinical application of Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus， the development of health products and the research and development of new drugs. MethodThe clinical prescriptions containing Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus were retrieved from CNKI， Wanfang Data， and VIP， and then a basic database of prescriptions was established via the traditional Chinese medicine inheritance auxiliary platform （V2.5）， IBM SPSS V20， and Excel （Microsoft Office 2016）. The frequency and association rules of the medicines in prescriptions （compatible medicines） and the corresponding syndromes were then mined. ResultThe prescriptions were screened according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 458 clinical prescriptions containing Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus were collected， involving 388 Chinese medicines， and the total frequency of medicines reached 6 199. The core compatible medicines （frequency > 130） of Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus included Poria （frequency of 222）， Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma （217）， Paeoniae Radix Alba （196）， Bupleuri Radix （159）， and Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium （142）. The Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus-compatible medicines with frequency > 49 were selected for further analysis， which included 34 medicines with the cumulative frequency of 3 131 （50.51% of the total frequency）. These medicines mainly have the functions of tonifying Qi， invigorating Qi， tonifying blood， alleviating edema and promoting urination， promoting digestion， and activating blood and relieving pain. They are mainly warm， cold， or mild-natured， taste bitter， sweet， or acrid， and have the tropism in the spleen， liver， stomach， or lung meridians. The association rule analysis demonstrated that 14 medicine combinations were commonly used， and the core combinations were Poria-Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus， Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma-Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus， Paeoniae Radix Alba-Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus， Bupleuri Radix-Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus， Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma-Poria-Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus， and Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium-Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus. The clinical prescriptions containing Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus were mainly used to treat 52 diseases corresponding to 11 types of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndromes. Three representative syndrome types， including spleen and stomach syndromes， Qi-blood-body fluid syndromes， and gynecological syndromes were selected for further association rule analysis. In the treatment of spleen and stomach syndromes， the core compatible drugs were Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma， Poria， Paeoniae Radix Alba， Bupleuri Radix， Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium， and Pinelliae Ehizoma， which， together with Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus， formed 25 commonly used medicine combinations （16 combinations composed of 2 medicines and 9 combinations composed of 3 medicines）. In the treatment of Qi-blood-body fluid syndromes， the core compatible drugs were Poria， Paeoniae Radix Alba， Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma， Astragali Radix， Hordei Fructus Germinatus， and Bupleuri Radix， which， together with Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus， formed 23 common medicine combinations （17 combinations composed of 2 medicines， 5 combinations composed of 3 medicines， and 1 combination composed of 4 medicines）. In the treatment of gynecological syndromes， the core compatible medicines were Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma， Paeoniae Radix Alba， Angelicae Sinensis Radix， Astragali Radix， Cyperi Rhizoma， and Poria， which constituted 25 common medicine combinations （15 combinations composed of 2 medicines and 10 combinations composed of 3 medicines）. ConclusionWe employed the traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） inheritance auxiliary platform to explore the compatibility of Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus-containing clinical prescriptions and the corresponding TCM syndromes， which intuitively showcased the medication rules of Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus. Specifically， Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus was mainly combined with the medicines for tonifying Qi， invigorating Qi， tonifying blood， alleviating edema and promoting urination， promoting digestion， and activating blood and relieving pain to treat different TCM syndromes. While soothing liver， regulating Qi， harmonizing stomach， and relieving pain， the combinations tonify and activate blood， invigorate spleen， and resolve dampness. The findings are of great significance to the rational application of Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus， the development of health food， and the research of new drugs and will bolster the development of Chinese medicine industry.

Pathogenic bacteria distribution and risk factors of pulmonary infection in patients with diabetic nephropathy / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To analyze the distribution of pathogenic bacteria and risk factors of pulmonary infection in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN), and to provide a theoretical basis for the management and prevention of pulmonary infection in DN patients. Methods A total of 486 DN patients treated in our hospital from March 2018 to December 2020 were selected and divided into experimental group (pulmonary infection, n=178) and control group (no pulmonary infection, n=308) according to the occurrence of pulmonary infection. Sputum samples from all patients were cultured and analyzed. The data of age, gender, length of hospital stay, blood glucose level and renal function indexes of patients in the two groups were collected. Logistic regression was used to analyze the independent risk factors of pulmonary infection in DN patients. Results A total of 178 cases of pulmonary infection in DN patients were included in this study, among which 142 strains of pathogenic bacteria were detected, including 91 strains (64.08%) of gram-negative bacteria, 43 strains (30.28%) of gram-positive bacteria, and 8 strains of fungi (5.63%). The gram-negative bacteria mainly consisted of 39 strains (27.46%) of Klebsiella pneumoniae, 28 strains (19.72%) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 18 strains (12.68%) of Acinetobacter baumannii. The gram-positive bacteria included mainly 32 strains (22.54%) of Staphylococcus aureus. There were statistically significant differences between the two groups in age, COPD history, length of hospital stay, HBA1c, serum albumin, volume overload, uremia, and malnutrition (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that COPD history, HbA1c, volume overload, serum albumin, uremia and malnutrition were the influencing factors of DN combined with pulmonary infection (P<0.05). Conclusion DN patients are prone to pulmonary infection, and the main pathogens are Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The main risk factors are COPD history, HbA1c, volume overload, serum albumin, uremia, and malnutrition. It is recommended to supplement nutrition, control blood glucose, delay the decline of organ function, and improve body immunity to prevent pulmonary infection in DN patients.

Research progress of Curcuma kwangsiensis root tubers and analysis of liver protection and anti-tumor mechanisms based on Q-markers / 中国中药杂志

Curcuma kwangsiensis root tuber is a widely used genuine medicinal material in Guangxi, with the main active components of terpenoids and curcumins. It has the effects of promoting blood circulation to relieve pain, moving Qi to relieve depression, clearing heart and cooling blood, promoting gallbladder function and anti-icterus. Modern research has proved its functions in liver protection, anti-tumor, anti-oxidation, blood lipid reduction and immunosuppression. Considering the research progress of C. kwangsiensis root tubers and the core concept of quality marker(Q-marker), we predicted the Q-markers of C. kwangsiensis root tubers from plant phylogeny, chemical component specificity, traditional pharmacodynamic properties, new pharmacodynamic uses, chemical component measurability, processing methods, compatibility, and components migrating to blood. Curcumin, curcumol, curcumadiol, curcumenol, curdione, germacrone, and β-elemene may be the possible Q-markers. Based on the predicted Q-markers, the mechanisms of the liver-protecting and anti-tumor activities of C. kwangsiensis root tubers were analyzed. AKT1, IL6, EGFR, and STAT3 were identified as the key targets, and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction signaling pathway, nitrogen metabolism pathway, cancer pathway, and hepatitis B pathway were the major involved pathways. This review provides a basis for the quality evaluation and product development of C. kwangsiensis root tubers and gives insights into the research on Chinese medicinal materials.

Effect of muscle oxygen saturation guidance on early recovery quality of patients after spinal surgery / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the effect of muscle oxygen saturation (SmtO 2) guidance on the quality of early recovery after spinal surgery in the patients. Methods:One hundred and twenty patients of either sex, aged 18-64 yr, with body mass index of 18-35 kg/m 2, of American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status classification Ⅱ or Ⅲ, with Hb concentration>100 g/L, undergoing elective spinal surgery, were selected.Routine anesthesia induction and maintenance were performed.SmtO 2 monitoring was carried out, and electrodes were applied to bilateral thenar in group S. When unilateral or bilateral SmtO 2 dropped to 70% of the baseline level for more than 60 s, the sensor position was checked, fluid infusion was accelerated, vasoconstrictors was used, and the inhaled oxygen concentration was improved and blood was transfused for treatment.In group C, only electrode sheets were applied, without monitoring.The Quality of Recovery-15 scale was used to evaluate the recovery quality of patients at 1 day before operation (T 0), 1 day after operation (T 1) and 3 days after operation (T 2). The tracheal extubation time, post-anesthesia care unit stay time and postoperative length of hospital stay were recorded.Immediately before anesthesia induction and at the end of operation, arterial blood was collected for blood gas analysis, and the lactic acid level was recorded.Postoperative hypotension, constipation, spinal nerve injury, postoperative nausea and vomiting and incisional infection were recorded. Results:Compared with group C, the level of postoperative lactic acid was significantly decreased, the incidence of postoperative constipation, postoperative nausea and vomiting and incisional infection was decreased, the extubation time and post-anesthesia care unit stay time were shortened, and the Quality of Recovery-15 scale score at T 1, 2 was increased in group S ( P<0.05). Conclusions:SmtO 2 guidance can improve the early recovery quality of patients after lumbar surgery.

Analysis on oral medication rules of traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions for prevention of COVID-19 / 中草药·英文版

Objective: To analyze the medication rules of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) preventive oral prescriptions for COVID-19. Methods: The preventive oral prescriptions for COVID-19 published by national and provincial health and wellness committees, administrations of TCM, medical institutions at all levels, medical masters and Chinese medicine experts were collected to establish a database, manual screening was carried out according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and frequency statistics, association rule analysis. The mutual information method, entropy hierarchical clustering and other methods were improved through Excel and the TCM inheritance auxiliary platform V2.5 to mine the rules and characteristics of medication. Results: The selected 157 prescriptions contained a total of 130 TCMs. The top five TCMs with the highest use frequency were Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (86), Astragali Radix (80), Lonicerea Japonicae Flos (70), Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma (62), Saposhnikoviae Radix (60). In accordance with TCM efficacy classification, most of them were medicines for qi-tonifying (279), followed by medicines for clearing heat and drying dampness (163), dispelling pathogenic wind-cold (126), resolving dampness (111), as well as dispelling pathogenic wind-heat (99). The characteristics of four-natures of the selected medicines are as follows: most of them were cold (59), followed by warm (38) and mild (21). In terms of five-taste, most of them were sweet (26) and acrid-and-bitter (24), followed by sweet-and-bitter (20), bitter (20) and acrid (15). For the meridian attribution, the five-zang organs and six-fu organs were all involved, most of them attributed to lung meridian (80), followed by stomach meridian (57) and spleen meridian (40). Based on association rule analysis, 12 commonly used medicine combinations with two or three TCMs were found. The commonly used medicinal pairs included Astragali Radix and Saposhnikoviae Radix (51), Astragali Radix and Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma (46), Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma and Saposhnikoviae Radix (43), Astragali Radix and Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma and Saposhnikoviae Radix (38), Forsythiae Fructus and Astragali Radix (37), and so on. In addition, 14 core combinations of medicines were obtained by complex system entropy cluster analysis, on this basis, six new prescriptions were screened out based on unsupervised entropy hierarchical clustering analysis. According to The Catalogue of Edible Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials, Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials for Health Food, and New Resources of Food published by National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, there are 35 species belonging to the group of edible traditional Chinese medicinal materials, 20 species belonging to the group of new resources of food, 31 species belonging to the group of traditional Chinese medicinal materials for health food, 19.11% of the preventive oral prescriptions for COVID-19 were composed of the medicines belonging to the above three groups. Besides, there are 11 toxic species, and 24.84% of the preventive oral prescriptions for COVID-19 contained toxic TCMs. Conclusion: We found that invigorating qi and resolving dampness were the main treatment used to prevent for COVID-19, combined with the methods for strengthening vital energy and eliminating pathogenic factors. Most of the preventive oral prescriptions for COVID-19 were treated in lung, spleen and stomach meridians. In the process of selecting prescriptions and using TCMs to prevent for COVID-19, the safety of preventive medicines was also emphasized. And the theory of “Preventive Treatment of Disease” was embodied in these preventive oral prescriptions for COVID-19. For the prescriptions containing toxic TCMs, special attention should be paid to their safety in clinical application.

Analysis on application law of dampness-removing traditional Chinese medicines in treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 / 中草药·英文版

Objective: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been diagnosed as an epidemic disease characterized by cold and dampness pathogens in TCM clinic. Due to many Chinese medicines with different functions were used in the treatment of COVID-19, it is very important to find the law of application of damp-removing traditional Chinese medicine with high frequency application, with view to providing a reference for the use and research of Chinese medicine to further control the pandemic. Methods: The publicly released diagnosis and treatment programs issued by the National Health Commission and Health Commission of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities, and Chinese herbs prescription information in these were collected, a database was established, and Excel and Graphpad 8.0 software were used to analyze the frequency of use of various Chinese medicines, the frequency and property characters including five flavors (bitter, pungent, sweet, sour, and salty) and four natures (warm, hot, cool, and cold) and channel tropisms of Chinese medicine for removing dampness. Results: A total of 137 prescriptions of Chinese medicine for treating COVID-19 were collected, including 178 TCMs showing functions of resolving phlegm, relieving cough and asthma, resolving dampness, clearing damp and inducing dieresis, clearing heat, tonifying deficiency, and relieving exterior syndrome, in which the TCMs with the first four functions that we called the dampness-removing TCMs, accounted for 35.78%. Also a number of TCMs in the rest functions showed removing-dampness. The first four functions were divided into subfunctions including aromatic resolving dampness, clearing heat and drying dampness, drying dampness and tonifying spleen qi, drying dampness and removing phlegm, inducing diuresis and relieving swelling, inducing diuresis and relieving exterior syndrome. Among them, the most frequently used TCMs was Ephedrae Herba, followed by Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium, Pogostemonis Herba, Pinelliae Rhizoma, Poria, Scutellariae Radix, and Atractylodis Rhizoma. The property character analysis in the dampness-removing TCMs showed that bitter and pungent were largely present and sour and astringent were absent, warm and hot were dominant; And the lung, spleen, stomach, large intestine, bladder were main channel tropisms. Conclusion: Dampness-removing TCMs are the first important type of traditional Chinese medicine to be considered in the treatment of COVID-19 in Chinese medicine. The application of dampness-removing TCMs in the treatment of COVID-19 needs to be combined with its application law. This study may provide meaningful and useful information on further research to investigate the effective compounds from the dampness-removing Chinese medicine with high frequency application, and also provide a reference for the clinical treatment of COVID-19 accurately against dampness evil with dampness-removing traditional Chinese medicines.

Chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of durian shells in ASEAN countries: A review / 中草药·英文版

Durio zibethnus is mainly distributed in Southeast Asia. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that durian shells have the effects of clearing heat and purging fire, nourishing yin and moisturizing dryness. Therefore, it is often used as a pharmaceutic food in the Chinese folk to assist treating diseases. At present, the chemical constituents isolated from durian shell include phenolic acids, phenolic glycosides, flavonoids, coumarins, triterpenes, simple glycosides and other compounds. Modern pharmacological studies show that durian shell has many pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. The chemical composition and pharmacological effects of durian shells are summarized in order to provide references for the further research and application of durian shell.

Traditional medicinal plants for arthropod-borne diseases of five countries in Lancang-Mekong region:a review / 中国中药杂志

Arthropod-borne diseases, such as malaria and dengue fever, have frequently beset five countries(Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, and Thailand) in the tropical rainy Lancang-Mekong region, which pose a huge threat to social production and daily life. As a resort to such diseases, chemical drugs risk the resistance in plasmodium, non-availability for dengue virus, and pollution to the environment. Traditional medicinal plants have the multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway characteristics, which are of great potential in drug development. Exploring potential medicinals for arthropod-borne diseases from traditional medicinal plants has become a hot spot. This study summarized the epidemiological background of arthropod-borne diseases in the Lancang-Mekong region and screened effective herbs from the 350 medicinal plants recorded in CHINA-ASEAN Traditional Medicine. Based on CNKI, VIP, and PubMed, the plants for malaria and dengue fever and those for killing and repelling mosquitoes were respectively sorted out. Their pharmacological effects and mechanisms were reviewed and the material basis was analyzed. The result is expected to serve as a reference for efficient utilization of medicinal resources, development of effective and safe drugs for malaria and dengue fever, and the further cooperation between China and the other five countries in the Lancang-Mekong region.

Treatment plan and clinical effect of the first primary spontaneous pneumothorax in young patients / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Objective    To investigate the optimal treatment scheme for the first primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) in young patients. Methods    The clinical data of 171 patients with the first PSP were retrospectively analyzed who were treated in Huaihe Hospital of Henan University between November 2011 and October 2017. There were 157 males and 14 females with a median age of 18 years at onset and a median body mass index of 18.51 kg/m2. According to the treatment methods, they were classified into two groups, a conservative treatment group (a non-surgical group, n=86) and a surgical group (n=85). The characteristics including clinical data, efficacy evaluation criteria, complications and recurrence of the two groups were analyzed. Results    As a result, 73.68% of the patients suffered PSP in their daily routine. The drainage duration in the non-surgical group was longer than that in the surgical group (4 d vs. 3 d, P=0.008). There was no statistical difference in the success rate of lung re-expansion between the two groups (98.85% vs. 100.00%, P=1.000). The proportion of the surgical group using postoperative analgesic drugs was higher than that in the non-surgical group (48.23% vs. 10.46%, P=0.000). The recurrence rate of the surgical group was lower than that of the non-surgical group (3.53% vs. 46.51%, P=0.000). No relationship between smoking and recurrence of pneumothorax was found in both groups (P=0.301, P=1.000). The success rate of lung re-expansion in the non-surgical group was not statistically different between the 24F subgroup and the 12F subgroup (39/39 vs. 33/34, P=0.458). No advantage of intraoperative pleural fixation was found in the surgical group (P=0.693). Conclusion    Thoracoscopic surgery is the first choice for the treatment of the first PSP in young patients.

Chemical Constituents, Toxicology and Pharmacological Effect of Momordicae Semen / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Momordicae Semen a traditional toxic Chinese medicine, which was first recorded in Kaibao Bencao of the Northern Song Dynasty. It has the effects in reducing swelling, dispersing knot, and attacking sores. It is mainly distributed in South China, such as Guangxi and Guangdong. It is also distributed in Southeast Asian countries, such as Thailand and Vietnam. The present study showed abundant chemical components extracted from Momordicae Semen, including steroids, sterols, volatile oils and fatty acids. Among them, 30 terpenoids, 102 compounds in volatile oil, 6 sterols and 19 fatty acids have been identified. Aqueous extracts and alcohol extracts of Momordicae Semen have the toxicity, and the toxicity decreases with the increase of oil content. The main toxic components reported in the literatures are cochinchinin and saponins. Pharmacological studies have shown that in addition to its traditional anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and other pharmacological effects, Momordicae Semen also exhibited many pharmacological effects, such as anti-ulcer, anti-oxidation and immune regulation. In recent years, there have been increasingly more research reports on Momordicae Semen. By studying relevant domestic and foreign literatures from 1964 to 2019 in China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, PubMed and Web of Science, chemical constituents, pharmacological effects and toxicological research of Momordicae Semen were summarized, which will provide reference for further research and application of Momordicae Semen in the future.

Safety Evaluation of Jiaotaiwan Based on Zebrafish Model / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To take zebrafish embryo as the research object, in order to investigate the development toxicity, cardiotoxicity, liver toxicity and kidney toxicity of water extract of Jiaotaiwan (JTW) on zebrafish embryo. Method:Zebrafish embryos with normal development at 12 h (hpf) after fertilization were selected as model animals for the growth and cardiotoxicity experiments. The embryos were treated with 125, 250, 500 mg·L-1 of JTW water extracts, and the effects of the drugs on the heart rate and morphology of the embryos and LD50 were observed at 72 h (hpf) after fertilization. Zebrafish embryos with normal development at 72 h (hpf) after fertilization were used as model animals for the liver and kidney toxicity experiments. The embryos were treated with 125，250，500 mg·L-1 of JTW water extracts, and the effect of the drugs on morphological changes, Alanine aminotransferase(ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity, and creatinine content of the larvae and LD50 were observed at 72 d (dpf) after fertilization. Result:The zebrafish embryos in control group developed normally, the heart was well developed, and the heartbeat was even and powerful. The LD50 of JTW water extract on zebrafish embryos for 72 h was 1 023 mg·L-1. Compared with the embryos in the control group, 250，500 mg·L-1 treatment groups in the development toxicity had a smaller head, shorter body lengths (P<0.05), and decreased eye size (P<0.05). Compared with the control group embryos, the pericardial edema was observed in the 500 mg·L-1 group, the heart rate was significantly decreased in the 250，500 mg·L-1 JTW water extract groups (P<0.01), the atrial and ventricular areas were significantly reduced (P<0.05), the distance of SV-BA became significantly larger (P<0.05), the distance of AV channel became significantly larger (P<0.01), and the in-flow distance was significantly shorter (P<0.01). In the acute toxicity experiment, the LD50 of JTW water extract for zebrafish larvae for 72 h was 1 067 mg·L-1. Compared with control group, JTW water extract significantly reduced ALT activity in zebrafish larvae (P<0.05). Conclusion:This experiment found that JTW has an obvious toxicity in embryonic development, which is mainly manifested as delayed growth and severe cardiotoxicity. Great attention shall be paid to clinical administration to pregnant women, lactating women and patients with heart disease.

Analysis of Chemical Components of Anti-allergic Asthma Active Fractions in Alkaloids-free Part of Ephedrae Herba / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To provide reference for elucidating the anti-allergic asthma constituents in alkaloids-free part of Ephedrae Herba. METHODS ：Ephedrae Herba was extracted with 85％ ethanol and n-heptane，and then subjected to solid-phase extraction（filler AC 18）for pretreatment to enrich alkaloids-free part from the extract of Ephedrae Herba. HPLC method was adopted，and alkaloids-free fractions of Ephedrae Herba were performed on Unitary C 18 column and Eclipse XDB-C 18 column. Using high expression G protein coupled-receptor 35（GPR35 receptor）in HT- 29 cell as target ，GPR35 receptor agonist zaprinast （1 μmol/L）as positive control ，DMR response value as the detection index ，the agonistic and desensitizing activity of each fraction（100 μg/mL）on GPR 35 receptor was screened by label-free integrated pharmacological method ，so as to screen active anti-allergic asthma fraction. HPLC-Q-TOF-MS method was used to identify the chemical composition of the selected active fractions. RESULTS ：The alkaloids-free part of Ephedrae Herba was divided into two parts ，involving the precipitated part before solid phase extraction and the 95％ methanol elution part ；from them ，20 fractions were screened. Among them ，the precipitated fraction F 1.5-F1.10 and 95％ methanol eluted fraction F 2.5-F2.10 had a strong agonistic activity on GPR 35 receptor；at the same time，GPR35 receptor agonist zaprinast showed a relatively strong desensitization activity. The signal intensity of DMR induced by F1.5-F1.10 in the precipitated part of HT- 29 cells was even higher than that of reference drug zaprinast. By HPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis，24 chemical components were identified from active fractions ，involving 14 flavonoids，2 volatile oils ，7 organic carboxylic acids ，1 anthraquinones. CONCLUSIONS ：The alkaloid-free part of Ephedrae Herba is mainly flavonoids and has anti-allergic asthma activity.

Research Process on Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Effect of Four Kinds of Couplet Medicine of Cinnamomi Ramulus / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Cinnamomi Ramulus is a dry tender branch of <italic>Cinnamomum cassia</italic> Presl, which is a multifunctional traditional Chinese medicine(TCM). Cinnamomi Ramulus has different efficacy under different compatibility environment. Complet medicine is a commonly used and relatively fixed compatibility form of two drugs, and it is the smallest unit in the compatibility of TCM. The four kinds of complet medicine commonly used in Cinnamomi Ramulus were as follows: the diaphoretics pungent in flavour and warm in property pairs include Cinnamomi Ramulus Ephedrae Herba and Cinnamomi Ramulus Bupleuri Radix complet medicine. The stasis dredge collaterals pairs involve Cinnamomi Ramulus Poria and Cinnamomi Ramulus Persicae Semen complet medicine. The regulation Qi and Blood Cinnamomi Ramulus Paeoniae Radix Alba complet medicine. Wenda Tongyang pairs consist of Cinnamomi Ramulus Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparaia, Cinnamomi Ramulus Astragali Radix, and Cinnamomi Ramulus Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma complet medicine. After compatibility, some changes have taken place in the chemical composition of complet medicines. For example, after compatibility of Cinnamomi Ramulus and Ephedrae Herba, the content of effective components of both herbs decreases, and the chemical constituents that are not found in single herbs are produced. After compatibility of Cinnamomi Ramulus and Bupleuri Radix, the dissolution of active ingredients is related to compatibility ratio. The active ingredients of Cinnamomi Ramulus Poria, Cinnamomi Ramulus Paeoniae Radix Alba pair and Cinnamomi Ramulus Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparaia have also changed to some extent.The content of active ingredients in Astragali Radix and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma both increase after compatibility with Cinnamomi Ramulus. Different complet medicine have different pharmacological effects, Cinnamomi Ramulus Ephedrae Herba complet medicine have the effect of transpiration and antipyretic, Cinnamomi Ramulus Bupleuri Radix complet medicine can analgesia. Cinnamomi Ramulus Poria complet medicine have the effect of diuretic, improve myocardial ischemia and so on. Cinnamomi Ramulus Persicae Semen complet medicine have the anti-coagulation action.Cinnamomi Ramulus Paeoniae Radix Alba complet medicine have the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. Cinnamomi Ramulus Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparaia complet medicine have the effect of dispelling cold to relieve pain. Cinnamomi Ramulus Astragali Radix complet medicine have the many effects in relieving anti-coagulation, antioxidation and anti-myocardial ischemia. Cinnamomi Ramulus Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma complet medicine displays diverse activities, including antiarrhythmic, antithrombosis. In this paper, the chemical constituents and pharmacology of four kinds of complet medicine of Cinnamomi Ramulus were reviewed, which provided a reference for the better open utilization of Cinnamomi Ramulus complet medicine.

Pharmacological Effect and Substance Basis of Neutral Blood-activating and Stasis-removing Traditional Chinese Medicine / 中国实验方剂学杂志

By reviewing the 2015 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia, the author collected 37 neutral blood-activating and stasis-removing traditional Chinese medicines. And by retrieving literatures on relevant material basis and pharmacological effects on CNKI, the author organized and summarized their chemical composition and pharmacological effects. Neutral blood-activating and stasis-removing traditional Chinese medicines are rich in chemical components, such as flavonoids, steroids and sugars. At the same time, it has a variety of pharmacological effects, including anti-platelet aggregation and anti-thrombotic mechanism, anti-atherosclerosis, inhibition of ischemia-perfusion injury, anti-tumor, anti-fibrosis, liver protection, anti-inflammatory analgesia, blood pressure reduction and immune regulation. It is widely used in the treatment of liver fibrosis, cardiovascular disease, liver cancer, uterine cancer, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and other diseases. Nowadays, as people has paid increasing attention to neutral herbs, studies on traditional Chinese medicines for activating blood circulation and removing blood stasis have been further deepened, which provides a better development prospect for neutral blood-activating and stasis-removing traditional Chinese medicines. From the perspective of medicinal properties, the authors systematically collected and summarized the pharmacological effects and material basis of neutral blood-activating and stasis-removing traditional Chinese medicines. This article provides theoretical guidance for the clinical application of neutral blood-activating and stasis-removing traditional Chinese medicines and new medicine research ideas for neutral blood-activating and stasis-removing traditional Chinese medicines.

Analysis of quality markers based on efficacy and material base of different medicinal parts of Trichosanthes kirilowii / 中草药

Different parts of Trichosanthes kirilowii can all be used as medicines, including the fruits (Trichosanthis Fructus), pericarps (Trichosanthis Pericarpium), seeds (Trichosanthis Semen) and roots (Trichosanthis Radix). Modern research has confirmed that the main active ingredients of Trichosanthis Pericarpium are flavonoids and amino acids; Trichosanthis Semen mainly contains terpenoids and sterols; Trichosanthis Radix mainly contains protein, steroids and polysaccharides. And the pharmacological effects of various medicinal parts are also different. This paper summarizes the traditional efficacy, chemical composition and modern pharmacological effects of different medicinal parts of T. kirilowii, analyzes the relationship between them, so as to analyze and predict the quality marker of T. kirilowii.

A preliminary study of three-dimensional printed porous titanium plate integrated implant for the repair of comminuted acetabular posterior wall fracture with bone defect / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the feasibility of using computer-aided design(CAD) combined with 3D printing technology to repair and reconstruct the comminuted fracture of the posterior wall of acetabulum with osteochondral defect, to evaluate the biomechanical properties of composite titanium nitride bioceramic coatings with porous titanium alloy scaffolds and steel plate integrated implants.@*METHODS@#Based on CT images of continuous tomography, the computer-aided design software was used to construct a digital model of porous titanium alloy plate implant with a specially open cellular three-dimensional structure, and the three-dimensional implant was prepared with Ti6Vl4V powder by using the 3D printing technology, following by titanium nitride coating on its articular surface. The degree of matching and attachment between the implant and acetabulum were observed; Ansys software was used for finite element modeling to analyze the stress distribution, stress conduction and deformation displacement of the acetabulum of the normal group, the traditional group and the implant group under the same load state, and to verify the biomechanical properties of the implant.@*RESULTS@#The porous titanium alloy implant fit well with the acetabular bone defects, the shape of the plate was well attached to the bone surface, and it was rated as excellent according to the Matta criteria. The Von Mises stress peak of the implant group 13.38 MPa was close to the normal group 13.11 MPa and smaller than that in the traditional group 15.66 MPa. The Von Mises stress distribution and conduction of implant group were basically consistent with the normal group, slightly better than the traditional group; the maximum relative displacement of the implant was 0.166 mm, according to the finite element analysis.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The porous titanium alloy stent plate implant with titanium nitride coating prepared by 3D technology has excellent matching degree and biomechanical properties; the anatomical reconstruction makes the stress distribution and conduction recovery well, close to normal hip joints, which provides a new option for the clinical treatment of comminuted posterior acetabular wall fractures with severe bone defects.

Chemical Constituents of Agricultural Residues Producing from 4 Kinds of Gramineous Crops and Their Pharmacological Effects / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Gramineous crops occupy a remarkable proportion of grain crops in the word,and wheat,rice and corn account for more than 80%of the world's food crops. Agricultural residues bring tremendous pressure on the environment,and inefficient development of resources has caused huge waste of resources. At present,the research on agricultural residues mainly focuses on energy,fertilizer,feed and materialization. However, there are still a lot of resources that have not been rationally utilized. The author has found that in recent years,the medicinal research on gramineous crop waste has focused on four varieties-rice,corn,wheat and sugar cane,and their waste rice bran,rice husk,rice straw,corn stigma,corn bract,wheat bran,sugar cane leaf,sugar cane skin. The compounds isolated and identified from agricultural residues include phenylpropanoids,flavonoids,steroids and their glycosides,organic acids and their esters,volatile oil and saccharides. Studies have shown that agricultural residues from gramineous crops have pharmacological activities, such as anti-oxidation,hypolipidemia,hypoglycemia,anti-inflammation,anti-tumor,anti-cardiovascular disease,anti-liver and kidney damage. This paper is a systematic review of the chemical composition and pharmacological effects of agricultural residues from the major gramineous crops,so as to provide useful information for further research and development of agricultural residues.