Personal reflections on Jackson Pollock's fractal paintings

The art world changed forever when Jackson Pollock picked up a can and poured paint onto a vast canvas rolled across the floor of his windswept barn. Fifty years on, art theorists recognize his patterns as being a revolutionary approach to aesthetics. A significant step forward in understanding Pollock's aesthetics occurred in 1999 when my scientific analysis showed that his paintings are fractal. Fractals consist of patterns that recur at finer and finer magnifications, building up shapes of immense complexity. Significantly, many natural patterns (for example, lightning, clouds, mountains, and trees) are also fractal. In this essay, I will present some personal reflections on this relationship between the fractal patterns of Pollock and those of nature, and also on the interactions between art and science as the project evolved.

O mundo da arte mudou para sempre quando Jackson Pollock apanhou uma lata e despejou tinta em uma enorme tela esticada sobre o chão de seu celeiro castigado pelo vento. Cinqüenta anos depois, os teóricos da arte reconhecem que seu estilo constitui uma abordagem estética revolucionária. Um passo importante na compreensão da estética de Pollock se deu em 1999, quando, de acordo com a minha análise científica, suas pinturas eram fractais. Fractais são padrões que recorrem em sucessivos desdobramentos, construindo formas de imensa complexidade. Sugestivamente, muitos padrões naturais (como raios, nuvens, montanhas e árvores) também são fractais. No presente trabalho, apresento algumas reflexões pessoais sobre essa relação entre os padrões fractais de Pollock e os da natureza, assim como sobre as interações entre arte e ciência.

Weight loss during prolonged lactation in rural Bangladeshi mothers.

To determine the duration of lactation which is associated with weight loss in rural Bangladeshi mothers and also to determine the relationship with consumption patterns of principal food items, a cross-sectional study was carried out among 791 lactating rural Bangladeshi mothers aged 18-40 years. Results were compared with 333 non-pregnant and non-lactating mothers of a similar age group. The duration of lactation was up to 60 months. The mean difference in body-weight and body mass index (BMI) of lactating mothers who breastfed their children up to 24 months was significantly lower compared to non-lactating mothers of the same age group, but no differences were observed for those who breastfed beyond 24 months. The frequency of consumption of principal food items was comparable between the non-lactating and the lactating mothers who breastfed beyond 24 months. Results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that body-weight of mothers was negatively correlated with 1-12 month(s) and 13-24 months of lactation after controlling for height, education, and food consumption (slope -1.04, p<0.05 and slope -1.23, p<0.05 respectively). Height and consumption of meat and milk were significantly positively correlated with body-weight (slope 0.53, p<0.001; slope 1.44, p<0.001; and slope 0.75, p<0.05 respectively). The study concluded that Bangladeshi women who breastfed up to 24 months were of lower weight than non-lactating mothers, most likely due to the effect of lactation. These mothers were not taking any additional foods during their lactating period. Based on the findings of the study, it is recommended that mothers consume additional energy-rich foods during the first 24 months of lactation to prevent weight loss.