GCMS Analysis Of Endophytic Fungi Curvularia Aeria Mtcc-12847 Isolated From Tribulus Terrestris L.

Objective: The objective of the present investigation was to perform the Gas Chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis of endophytic fungi Curvularia aeria MTCC-12847 isolated from Tribulus terrestris L. to find out the active compound present in the extract. Methods: The endophytic fungi were isolated from the plant Tribulus Terrestris L., leaf which was cultivated in optimized media for the production of secondary metabolites and was extracted using ethyl acetate. Ethyl acetate extract was used for the Gas Chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis. Results: GC-MS analysis of ethyl acetate extract of endophytic fungi revealed the presence of various secondary metabolites, the highest amount present was Palmitic acid (24.54%) and Lowest was Dimethyl 1-phenyl-7-methyl-1-hydroxy-1,4-dihydronaphthalene-2,3-dicarboxylate (5.76%). Conclusion: The endophytic fungal Curvularia aeria MTCC-12847 extract isolated from the Tribulus terrestris L. shows the presence of various bioactive compounds.

In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity And Mic Of The Extracellular Ethyl Acetate Crude Extract Of Endophytic Fungi Fusarium Sp. Isolated From Tephrosia Purpurea Root

Objective: The objective of the present investigation was to find antimicrobial and MIC of endophytic fungi Fusarium sp. isolated from Tephrosia purpurea root. Methods: Well diffusion assay was performed to find out the antimicrobial activity and Resazurin dye reduction method was performed to find out MIC of the extract. Result: The extract showed the highest zone of inhibition of 22.66±0.57 mm, (Bacillus subtilis, MTCC-441) for Gram-positive bacteria and 20.66±0.57 mm, (E. coli, MTCC-443) for Gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, the MIC of the extract was found to be (31.25 µg/ml-125 µg/ml). Conclusion: Hence, the endophytic fungi isolated from the Tephrosia purpurea root, i.e. Fusarium sp. showed good antimicrobial activity and hence can be used to find a novel drug.

Which Occurs First in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus? Central or Peripheral Neuropathy

Objective: To study the central and peripheral neuropathy by electrophysiological tests in type two diabetes mellitus patients (DM-2) before symptomatic peripheral neuropathy. Methodology: DM-2 (n=30) and age- and sex-matched (n=30) healthy subjects (controls) with normal bilateral sural sensory nerve action potentials (SNAPs) were selected after informed written consent. Their 16-channel EEG records were transformed using Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT). EEG power spectra obtained were log-transformed and compared using student’s t-test. Results: DM-2 without symptoms of peripheral neuropathy had low amplitudes of bilateral sural SNAPs in comparison to the controls though they were above the normal cut-off values of ≥ 4 μV. In EEG, DM-2 had more beta power (p<0.05) at midline Fz (24.77±11.58 vs. 12.26±11.55,), Cz (33.04±19.41 vs. 17.65±19.51,), and Pz (30.34±16.54 vs. 16.13±15.57,) and at other sites (Fp2, F8, F4, C4, T4, T6, P4, O2, Fp1, F7, F3, C3, T3, T5, P3, and O1) during eyes-close condition. Similar differences in beta power were seen in eyes-open condition. The delta power was more (p<0.05) in DM-2 during eyes-close condition at midline Fz (64.64±34.54 vs. 47.37±22.47), Cz (73.87±45.07 vs. 51.73±25.58), and Pz (66.13±36.84 vs. 44.15±19.68) and at other sites (Fp2, F8, C4, P4, O2, Fp1, F7, T3, T5, O1). Similar differences in delta power were seen in eyes-open condition. Alpha activities were more (p<0.05) in DM-2 at some sites during eyes-open condition. Conclusion: Diffuse central neuropathy occurs along with the peripheral neuropathy in DM-2 as measured by the electrophysiological tests.

Monitoring the durability of long-lasting insecticidal nets in field conditions in Nepal.

Understanding and improving the durability of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) in the field is critical for the success of malaria prevention using mosquito nets, as well as contributing to procurement decisions based on the number of years of protection, rather than the current practice of unit cost. Using the recently published guidelines from the World Health Organization (WHO) some progress has been made in the monitoring and assessment of performance of nets in the field. This paper describes the protocol of an ongoing retrospective study of the attrition rate, physical integrity and bioefficacy of three polyester LLIN products that were distributed during 2010 to 2013 in Nepal. It is hoped that robust and auditable data on net survival (physical integrity and bioefficacy) of these three brands in different environments will assist the Nepal National Malaria Control Programme in planning future LLIN-replacement strategies, including behaviourchange communication about LLIN care and maintenance. The advantages and disadvantages of prospective and retrospective cross-sectional approaches are discussed, including appropriate strategies to validate the timing for mass distribution of nets. Similar studies should be done in other countries to (i) track LLIN durability to support management of resupply, and (ii) inform procurement decisions at the global level. New, more predictive, textile laboratory testing is also urgently needed.

Degradation kinetics of Metronidazole and its Mutual Prodrug with Ciprofloxacin : a Calorimetric Analysis

Calorimetric technique has aroused considerable interest as a versatile tool in pharmaceutical industry and academia to provide useful information about thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of drug molecules. The present paper utilizes this technique to monitor the hydrolytic degradation of metronidazole and its prodrug with ciprofloxacin; i.e. 2-(2-methyl-5-nitroimidazol-1-yl)ethyl-1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1;4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-quinoline-3-carboxylate. The synthesis of the present mutual prodrug was envisaged to combine the antiprotozoal and anaerobic antibacterial effects of metronidazole with antibacterial effects of ciprofloxacin. Heat flux microcalorimeter was used to determine the rate of heat evolved during the degradation of the drug and prodrug as a function of concentration; pH and temperature. In terms of enthalpy of hydrolysis the response is exothermic both for drug and prodrug. However; the absolute value of the enthalpy of reaction (?rH0) is low for the prodrug. The degradation followed pseudo first order kinetics; showed marked stability at pH 3-7 followed by accelerated hydrolysis at higher pH; characteristic of general acid-base catalysis. The catalytic rate constant for hydrogen ion (kH) and hydroxyl ion (kOH) were found to be 0.413 and 526.1 M-1h-1; respectively; at 318.15 K. The hydrolysis of the prodrug was found to be approximately 50-60 times faster than that of the drug. This may be attributed to the fact that hydrolysis of ester group in prodrug is assisted by keto group on the ciprofloxacin. However; there is no effect of protonation of nitrogen in piperazine ring in ciprofloxacin on the hydrolysis due to the distance from the ester moiety