Factors associated with depression among street vendors inside Kathmandu valley

Background: Depression is considered a common mental disorder and a major contributor to the global burden of disease. Depression is estimated to affect 3.8% of the population including 5% of adults and 5.7% among adults older than 60 years, and approximately 280 million people in the world (WHO 2021). Major symptoms of depression include depressed mood, loss of concentration, feeling of excessive guilt, dying thoughts, disrupted sleep, changes in appetite etc. Street vending is informal work that has been contributing in millions of people living status and supporting country抯 economy. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among street vendors inside Kathmandu Valley with sample size 316. The study period was from August 2018 to April 2019. Data was collected using standard semi- structured tools using Kobo Toolbox. Data analysis was done in SPSS. Mendeley desktop and statistical package of social science software was used. Results: Out of 316 respondents, higher number were male i.e., 52.2% whereas females were 47.8%. Respondent with age group 25-35 years was high in number. Respondents engaged in street vending for 8-16 years were found high in number. 32.6% respondents had depressive symptoms while measuring with PHQ and the prevalence of depression was 55.4% which was measured using MDI. Conclusions: This cross-sectional study was conducted among the street vendors of Kathmandu valley. Among the respondents with low economic status, lack of physical activity, habit of alcohol and smoking had higher prevalence of depression. Respondent with basic and non- formal education, lack of job and income satisfaction showed a positive association with depression.

Prevalence of depression among secondary level students in Harion Municipality, Sarlahi

Background: Depression is a common mental disorder with a depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure, decreased energy, feelings of guilt or low self-worth, disturbed sleep or appetite, and poor concentration. Globally the prevalence of depression among (15-19 years) males and females are 3.1% and 4.5% respectively. According to WHO, the prevalence of depression in Nepal is 3.2% and the prevalence of depression in (15-19 years) is 7.6%. This research was conducted to determine the prevalence of depression among the secondary-level adolescents of Harion municipality and to examine the variances according to socio-demographic factors, socio-economic factors, etc. Methods: Analytical cross-sectional study design was used in this research. Schools were selected through Simple Random Sampling. Participants were students of 9 and 10 selected schools. The PHQ9 (Patient Health questionnaire) was used to ascertain the prevalence of depression at various levels. Results: Out of 168 students, 97 (57.7%) students had depression. The mean age of the students was 16. Family type of students (p-value=0.036, 95% CI=0.261-0.959 and OR =0.5), students education level (p-value=0.044, 95% CI=0.273-0.986 and OR= 0.519) and physical activities (p-value=0.015, 95% CI=0.248-0.865 and OR=0.463) were found to be statistically significant. Conclusions: The prevalence of depression was seen higher among school-going adolescents in two schools in Harion municipality. There is a need for early identification of depression which can prevent other psychiatric disorders in teen-age.

Factors associated with full immunization coverage among under-2 years children in Nepal

Background: Immunization is a cost-effective intervention; countries committed to improving child health and well-being by 2030 and assessing overall progress towards the sustainable development goals are required to reduce vaccine-preventable illness and deaths, which profoundly rely on immunization. Methods: Cross-sectional study was carried out in Nepal using secondary data from the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2016 to fulfil the objective and find out the factors associated with full immunization coverage among under two years children in Nepal. This study was conducted in 21 districts based on a low human development index. Results: Among the 306 respondents, this study found that full immunization coverage was (42.2%) and male respondents 51 % were more vaccinated as compared to female 49% of respondents. Similarly, there were mother occupations statistically associated with full immunization coverage. Instructional deliveries (51.7%) were not statistically associated with full immunization coverage. Agriculture and services were 1.6 times more likely to be immunized as compared to not working women [OR 1.6 (0.99-2.56)]. Child age was statically associated with full immunization and children aged 12-23 months were 39 (19.51-79.17) and 24 (17.99-64.23). Conclusions: Immunization is the most cost-effective and universal public health weapon. The overall full basic immunization coverage was still lower than the global target. BCG coverage was high; however, only half of the respondents received the second dose of measles. Complete basic immunization was significantly associated with child age, child sex, and mother’s occupation.

The Study of musculoskeletal health problem among bankers in Kathmandu valley

Background: Musculoskeletal disorders affect all persons regardless of age and sex and are prevalent across a wide range of industries and jobs. In Asian populations, a high annual prevalence of Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorder in at least one body region is varied from 40% to 95%. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and identify the factors contributing to Musculoskeletal disorders. Methods: Analytical cross-sectional and quantitative method was used. Random sampling was used to select the banks and convenience sampling was used to select the branches of those selected banks and finally, the census technique was used to collect the data from respondents. A structured questionnaire was designed and administered to study participants. Data collected from respondents were entered into Epidata 3.1 and were analysed and expressed using SPSS 26. Results: The study showed the annual prevalence of Musculoskeletal disorder was 82.5% with the highest single MSDS prevalence of neck pain and the previous one-week prevalence rate was 37.6%. Gender (OR=2.543, 95% CI=1.082-5.974), age group 30-39 (OR=2.430, 95% CI=1.060-5.572, Physical activity (OR=7.379, 95% CI=3.004-18.12), Experience (OR=5.27, 95% CI=2.490-11.185), Repetitive task (OR=22.208, 95% CI= 9.744-50.617), Posture (OR=3.834, 95% CI=1949-7.543), Working hours (OR=2.06, 95% CI=1.070-3.966) were found to be significantly associated with MSDs. Conclusions: Occupational Health and safety was one of the neglected areas in Banking industry. The concept of occupational safety and health is still new in Nepal.

Hysterectomy: an analysis of perioperative and post operative complication.

OBJECTIVE: To document peri operative and post operative complication observed after hysterectomy, regardless of route on the operator. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A hospital based prospective study was carried out in department of obstetrics and gynaecology, KMCTH Sinamangal for six months. The study was carried out in patients undergoing hysterectomy who were followed from the time of admission to the time of discharge and two weeks thereafter. And followings were noted--Indication; route of hysterectomy, intraoperative and postoperative morbidities during hospital stay and after two weeks of discharge was noted. RESULT: Total number of hysterectomy carried out was 50. 31 (62%) were Total abdominal hysterectomy, and 19 (38%) were vaginal hysterectomy. Indication for total abdominal hysterectomy were fibroid uterus 12 (24%), DUB 8 (16%), CIN 4 (8%), chronic cervicitis 1 (2%). II U-V prolapse with previous LSCS 1 (2%), endometriosis 1 (2%). Prophylactic for Ca breast 1 (2%), Postmenopausal bleeding 1 (2%). All cases of vaginal hysterectomy were performed for 2nd degree U-V prolapse. Intra operative complication during surgery were two cases of haemorrhage (4%) each in both total abdominal hysterectomy and vaginal hysterectomy. There was one case of bladder injury during abdominal hysterectomy. Postoperative complication noted were febrile morbidity 1 (2%) in abdominal hysterectomy. Urinary tract infection remains the single most common febrile morbidity. There was one case of secondary haemorrhage in both type of hysterectomy. One was managed conservatively and other required laparotomy. There were three (6%) cases of wound infection in abdominal hysterectomy of two which were sanguineous discharge and one was frank pus which required secondary suture.