RESUMO
Abstract Although dietary studies are considered an important conservation tool, few studies have assessed jaguar (Panthera onca) diet in Costa Rica. Therefore, this study describes the diet composition of the jaguar in Tortuguero National Park, Costa Rica, carried out by analyzing and comparing carcass (n = 1 374), scat (n = 75) and camera trap (n = 3) data, collected between 2012 and 2016. Our results indicated that jaguar diet in this area consisted of at least 20 prey species. The green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) was the most frequent item based on carcass data, while the white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) was the major prey species according to the scat analysis. Our results highlight the importance of combining different methods to describe the jaguar feeding habits. Further research should focus on calculating jaguar and terrestrial prey species abundance in the study area, information that would help to complement our findings. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(1): 70-77. Epub 2018 March 01.
Resumen Aunque los estudios de dieta son una herramienta importante en la conservación de las especies, pocas investigaciones han evaluado la dieta del jaguar (Panthera onca) en Costa Rica. Por lo tanto, este estudio describe la dieta del jaguar en el Parque Nacional Tortuguero, Costa Rica, mediante el análisis y comparación de los registros de cadáveres (n = 1 374), excretas (n = 75) y cámaras trampa (n = 3) colectados entre el 2012 y el 2016. Nuestros resultados indican que la dieta del jaguar consiste de al menos 20 especies; la tortuga verde (Chelonia mydas) fue la especie más importante según los datos de cadáveres, mientras que el chancho de monte (Tayassu pecari) fue la principal especie presa según el análisis de excretas. Nuestros resultados destacan la importancia de combinar diferentes métodos con el fin de obtener una descripción precisa de los hábitos alimenticios del jaguar. Se recomienda que futuros estudios estimen la abundancia del jaguar y sus especies presa terrestres, lo cual permitirá complementar nuestros resultados.
RESUMO
Bile duct stones are almost always associated with gallbladder stones and coexist with gallbladder stones in approximately 10% of patients. The frequency of coexisting bile duct stones increases with advancing age. In patients with stones in both the gallbladder and bile duct, therapeutic options for the latter include laparoscopic or open exploration of the bile duct, and pre-operative and post-operative endoscopic sphincterotomy and stone extraction. Endoscopic sphincterotomy remains the treatment of choice for bile duct stones after cholecystectomy. However, management algorithms in individual institutions will be influenced by surgical and endoscopic expertise and by other factors such as overall costs. After surgical or endoscopic removal of bile duct stones, estimates of the lifetime risk of recurrent stones range from 5%-20%. Increased life expectancy and the apparent absence of simple preventative measures indicate that the burden of bile duct stones on health expenditure is likely to increase in many countries.