Surgical and orthodontic treatment of an impacted permanent central incisor: a case report.

Although impaction of a permanent tooth is rarely diagnosed during the mixed dentition period, an impacted central incisor is usually diagnosed accurately when there is delay in the eruption of tooth. In this article, the impacted incisor was moved into it's proper position with surgical exposure and orthodontic traction, after which it showed good stability.

Etching of young permanent teeth with acid gel--a comparison between the effect of 15 seconds & 60 seconds of etching.

The purpose of present study was to compare the effect of 15 seconds & 60 seconds of etching of young permanent teeth in vitro with 50% phosphoric acid gel using scanning electron microscope. 25 pairs of enamel surfaces selected for the study were divided into 3 experimental groups. The control group consisted of unetched enamel surfaces. In Group II, the effect of 50% phosphoric acid gel was compared with 37% phosphoric acid solution for 15 seconds whereas in group III, the effect of 15 seconds & 60 seconds of etching with 50% phosphoric acid gel was compared. The degree of etching pattern was evaluated by using scoring pattern from 1-3. Results showed no significant difference between the etching pattern obtained with the use of 37% solution and 50% gel for 15 seconds. But it was observed that etching with 50% for 15 seconds resulted in equal or even an enhanced etching pattern as compared to the pattern obtained in 60 seconds with 50% phosphoric acid gel.