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Abstract Introduction Research findings about intimate-partner violence (IPV) have focused mostly on women as victims of violence. Recent studies show the importance of violence inflicted by women towards men or between same-sex couples. Objective To estimate the prevalence of intimate-partner violence and its association with alcohol and drug consumption in a representative sample of men and women in Mexico through secondary data analysis. Method The data come from a representative sample who filled out the section on intimate-partner violence in the Mexican 2011 Encuesta Nacional de Adicciones (National Survey on Addictions). Results The prevalence of intimate-partner violence in the last year was 17.6% against women and 13.4% against men. If one of the two partners consumed substances, the risk that men and women would experience violence increased, and that risk was even greater if both consumed. Discussion and conclusion This is the first time violence against men was reported in a Mexican national study. The findings show that gender-based violence should also be considered a result of social and cultural violence.
Resumen Introducción Los hallazgos de investigación sobre la violencia de pareja se han centrado principalmente en las mujeres como víctimas de la violencia. Estudios recientes destacan también la importancia de la violencia infligida por las mujeres hacia los hombres o entre parejas del mismo sexo. Objetivo Estimar la prevalencia de la violencia de pareja y su asociación con el consumo de alcohol y drogas en una muestra representativa de hombres y mujeres en México mediante un análisis secundario de datos. Método Los datos provienen de la Encuesta Nacional de Adicciones de México 2011, específicamente de una muestra representativa que contestó la sección sobre violencia de pareja. Resultados La prevalencia de violencia de pareja en el último año fue de 17.6% hacia las mujeres y de 13.4% hacia los hombres. Si uno de los dos integrantes de la pareja consumía sustancias, aumentaba el riesgo de que hombres o mujeres experimentaran violencia y ese riesgo era aún mayor si ambos consumían. Discusión y conclusión Esta es la primera vez que se reporta la violencia hacia los hombres en un estudio nacional mexicano. Los resultados muestran que la violencia de género también debe considerarse como resultado de la violencia social y cultural.
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Abstract Communicating bad news is one of the most frequent activities in hospitals, for which some recommendations have been adapted to the needs within the coronavirus-2 disease (COVID-19) context. This document presents nine steps to deliver bad news (face to face or remotely) adapted to the COVID-19 context from two international protocols (SPIKES and GRIEV_ING). The importance of promoting physical and emotional self-care skills in health personnel is also described, as well as psychological first aid strategies to address the emotional response of the family member who receives the news. Finally, the limitations and advantages of the proposal should be considered.
Resumen La comunicación de malas noticias es una de las actividades más frecuentes en los hospitales dentro del contexto de la COVID-19. A pesar de su alta frecuencia, existen pocas recomendaciones adaptadas a las necesidades que el contexto de la COVID-19 demanda. Debido a lo anterior, en el presente escrito se presentan nueve pasos para dar malas noticias (cara a cara o por vía remota) de dos protocolos internacionales (SPIKES y GRIEV_ING) adaptados a las necesidades de transmisión de información de la COVID-19. Se describe también la importancia de promover habilidades de autocuidado físico y emocional en el personal de salud, así como estrategias de primeros auxilios psicológicos para el abordaje de la respuesta emocional del familiar que recibe la noticia. Finalmente, se deben considerar las limitaciones y ventajas de la propuesta.
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ABSTRACT Cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease typically affect executive functions. Recently, the concept of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) has been related to PD (PD-MCI). PD-MCI is considered a transition phase to Parkinson's disease Dementia. Therefore, it is important to identify PD-MCI in a reliable way. Objective: To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the INECO Frontal Screening (IFS) in detecting cognitive deficits in PD-MCI. Additionally, we compare the IFS and the Addenbrook Cognitive Examination Revised (ACE-R) between three groups; PD-MCI, MCI, and controls. Methods: The IFS and ACE-R were administered to 36 patients with PD-MCI, 31 with MCI (amnestic-multidomain subtype) and 92 healthy controls. Sensitivity and specificity were determined using ROC analysis. The groups were compared using one-way analysis of variance. Results: The IFS had adequate accuracy in differentiating patients with PD-MCI from healthy controls (AUC=0.77, sensitivity=0.82, specificity=0.77), and good accuracy in differentiating PD-MCI from MCI patients (AUC=0.80, sensitivity=0.82, specificity=0.61). However the IFS had low accuracy in differentiating MCI patients from healthy controls (AUC=0.47, sensitivity=0.52, specificity=0.41). On the ACE-R, the PD-MCI group had low performance in Fluency and Language. Only patients with PD-MCI had difficulties on the IFS, specifically in inhibitory control and visual working memory. This dysexecutive profile explains the sensitivity and specificity values found in the IFS. Conclusion: The present study results suggest that the IFS is a suitable screening tool for exploring cognitive dysfunction in PD-MCI, especially in those patients with a dysexecutive profile.
RESUMO Os déficits cognitivos na doença de Parkinson geralmente afetam as funções executivas. Recentemente, o conceito de Comprometimento Cognitivo Leve (CCL) tem sido relacionado à DP (DP-CCL). O DP-CCL é considerado uma fase de transição para a doença de Parkinson. Portanto, é importante identificar o DP-CCL de maneira acurada. Objetivo: Avaliar a sensibilidade e especificidade do INECO Frontal Screening (IFS) na detecção de déficits cognitivos na DP-CCL. Além disso, comparamos o IFS e o Addenbrook Cognitive Examination Revised (ACE-R) entre três grupos; DP-CCL, CCL e controles. Métodos: O IFS e o ACE-R foram administrados a 36 pacientes com DP-CCL, 31 com CCL (subtipo amnésico-de múltiplos domínios) e 92 controles saudáveis. A sensibilidade e especificidade foram determinadas usando a análise ROC. Os grupos foram comparados usando uma análise de variância unidirecional. Resultados: O IFS teve precisão adequada para diferenciar pacientes com DP-CCL de controles saudáveis ââ(AUC=0, 77, sensibilidade=0, 82, especificidade=0, 77) e boa precisão para diferenciar DP-CCL de CCL (AUC=0, 80, sensibilidade =0, 82, especificidade=0, 61). No entanto, o IFS teve baixa precisão para diferenciar CCL de controles saudáveis ââ(AUC=0, 47, sensibilidade=0, 52, especificidade=0, 41). No ACE-R, o grupo DP-CCL apresentou baixo desempenho em fluência e linguagem. Somente pacientes com DP-CCL apresentaram dificuldades no IFS, especificamente no controle inibitório e na memória de trabalho visual. Esse perfil disexecutivo explica os valores de sensibilidade e especificidade encontrados no IFS. Conclusão: O presente estudo sugeriu que o IFS é uma ferramenta de triagem adequada para explorar a disfunção cognitiva na DP-CCL, principalmente naqueles pacientes com perfil disexecutivo.