Características epizootiológicas da infecção natural pelo vírus da cinomose canina em Belo Horizonte / Natural canine distemper virus infection epizootiology characteristics in Belo Horizonte

O perfil epizootiológico da cinomose canina em Belo Horizonte é desatualizado e não alberga algumas características relevantes. Uma análise recente da distribuição do vírus em relação às características do hospedeiro e do meio ambiente associada aos principais sinais clínicos e achados laboratoriais são importantes para se adotarem medidas estratégicas para o controle da enfermidade. Objetivou-se, assim, determinar as características epizootiológicas da infecção pelo vírus da cinomose canina associada à variedade de sinais clínico-neurológicos e laboratoriais em Belo Horizonte, auxiliando no diagnóstico precoce da infecção e na diminuição das taxas de morbidade e mortalidade da doença. A avaliação do perfil epizootiológico de 90 cães revelou que a doença é mais frequente em animais adultos (um a seis anos de idade) e que não receberam vacinas conforme recomendado pelos protocolos. Os sinais clínicos extraneurais e neurais foram variados, com predomínio para manifestações gastrentérica e respiratória, mioclonia e déficit motor, respectivamente. O exame do fluido cérebro-espinhal demonstrou predomínio de proteinorraquia associada à pleocitose linfocítica. O teste de imunocromatografia para pesquisa de antígeno com amostras do fluido cerebroespinhal foi eficaz para identificar a doença em pacientes com sinais neurológicos, diferentemente das amostras do swab conjuntival, que não devem ser utilizadas.(AU)

The epizootiology profile of canine distemper in Belo Horizonte is outdated and does not harbor some important characteristics. A recent analysis of the virus distribution in relation to host and environmental characteristics associated with the main clinical signs and laboratory findings are important for adopting strategic measures to control the disease. The aim of this study was to determine the epizootiology characteristics of canine distemper virus infection associated with a variety of clinical and neurologic signs and laboratory findings in Belo Horizonte, helping to detect early infection and reduce morbidity and mortality rates. The evaluation of the epizootiology profile of 90 dogs revealed that the disease is more frequent in adult animals (1-6 years of age) and did not receive vaccines as recommended by the protocols. Extra neural and neural clinical signs were varied, with predominance for gastrointestinal and respiratory manifestations and myoclonus and motor deficit, respectively. Examination of the cerebrospinal fluid of 16 dogs showed a predominance of increase protein associated with lymphocytic pleocytosis. The immunochromatography test for antigen screening with samples of cerebrospinal fluid in 76 animals with neurological signs was effective in identifying the disease, unlike conjunctival swab samples, which should not be used.(AU)

Incidence of external genital lesions related to human papillomavirus among Mexican men. A cohort study / Incidencia de lesiones genitales externas relacionadas con el virus del papiloma humano entre hombres mexicanos. Un estudio de cohorte

Abstract: Objective: To determine external genital lesion (EGL) incidence -condyloma and penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PeIN)- and genital HPV-genotype progression to these EGLs. Materials and methods: Participants (healthy males 18-74y from Cuernavaca, Mexico, recruited 2005-2009, n=954) underwent a questionnaire, anogenital examination, and sample collection every six months; including excision biopsy on suspicious EGL with histological confirmation. Linear array assay PCR characterized 37 high/low-risk HPV-DNA types. EGL incidence and cumulative incidence were calculated, the latter with Kaplan-Meier. Results: EGL incidence was 1.84 (95%CI=1.42-2.39) per 100-person-years (py); 2.9% (95%CI=1.9-4.2) 12-month cumulative EGL. Highest EGL incidence was found in men 18-30 years: 1.99 (95%CI=1.22-3.25) per 100py. Seven subjects had PeIN I-III (four with HPV16). HPV11 most commonly progresses to condyloma (6-month cumulative incidence=44.4%, 95%CI=14.3-137.8). Subjects with high-risk sexual behavior had higher EGL incidence. Conclusion: In Mexico, anogenital HPV infection in men is high and can cause condyloma. Estimation of EGL magnitude and associated healthcare costs is necessary to assess the need for male anti-HPV vaccination.

Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar incidencia de lesiones genitales externas (LGE) -condiloma y neoplasia intraepitelial del pene (NIP)- y progresión de genotipos de VPH a LGE. Material y métodos: Se aplicaron cuestionarios, examen anogenital y recolección de muestras cada seis meses a hombres sanos (18-74 años, de Cuernavaca, México, reclutados 2005-2009, n=954) con biopsia y confirmación histológica. Se caracterizaron 37 tipos de ADN-VPH; se calculó incidencia de LGE (cumulativa con Kaplan-Meier). Resultados: Incidencia de LGE=1.84 (IC95%=1.42-2.39) por 100-persona-años (pa); 2.9% (IC95%=1.9-4.2) LGE acumulativa a 12 meses. Mayor incidencia de LGE entre hombres 18-30 años; 1.99 (IC95%=1.22-3.25) por 100pa. Siete sujetos tuvieron NIP I-III. VPH-11 más comúnmente progresa a condiloma (incidencia acumulativa a seis meses=44.4%, IC95%=14.3-137.8). Los sujetos con comportamiento sexual de alto riesgo tuvieron mayor incidencia de LGE. Conclusiones: En México la infección anogenital con VPH es alta y puede causar condiloma. La estimación de magnitud de LGE y los costos sanitarios asociados se necesita para evaluar la necesidad de vacunación contra VPH en hombres.

Prevalence and incidence of anal human papillomavirus infection in Mexican men: Need for universal prevention policies / Prevalencia e incidencia de infección por virus de papiloma humano en canal anal en hombres mexicanos: Necesidad de políticas de prevención universal

Abstract: Objective: Describe the natural history of anal HPV among men. Materials and methods: Prospective study among men 18-70 years (n=665), from Cuernavaca, Mexico who completed questionnaires and provided specimens (HPV genotyped) at enrollment and 1+ follow-up visit. HPV prevalence and incidence were estimated. Prevalence ratios were calculated with Poisson regression using robust variance estimation. Person-time for incident HPV infection was estimated using number of events modeled as Poisson variable for total person-months. Results: Anal infection prevalence: any HPV type=15%, high-risk=8.4%, HPV16=1.4%, tetravalent vaccine types (4vHPV)=4.4%, nonavalent vaccine types (9vHPV)=6.3%. Factors associated with prevalence: 50+ lifetime female sex partners (adjusted prevalence ratio, a PR=3.25, 95% CI:1.12-9.47), 10+ lifetime male sex partners (aPR=3.06, 95%CI:1.4-6.68), and 1+ recent male anal sex partners (aPR=2.28, 95%CI:1.15-4.5). Anal incidence rate: high-risk HPV=7.8/1 000 person-months (95%CI:6.0-10.1), HPV16=1.8/1 000 person-months (95%CI:1.1-2.9),4vHPV=3.4/1 000 person-months (95%CI:2.3-4.9) and 9vHPV=5.5/1000 person-months (95%CI:4.1-7.5). Conclusions: Implementation of universal HPV vaccination programs, including men, is a public health priority.

Resumen: Objetivo: Generar evidencia que apoye la vacunación universal contra VPH. Material y métodos: Estudio prospectivo con hombres 18-70 años (n=665) de Cuernavaca, México con cuestionarios y genotipificación de VPH en muestras (2+mediciones). Se estimó prevalencia e incidencia; se calcularon tasas de prevalencia con regresión Poisson. Se estimó persona-tiempo para infecciones incidentes. Resultados: Prevalencia de infección anal: cualquier tipo de VPH=15%, alto-riesgo=8.4%, VPH16=1.4%, tipos en vacuna tetravalente=4.4% y tipos en vacuna nonavalente=6.3%. Factores asociados con infección prevalente: 50+ parejas sexuales femeninas en la vida (tasa de prevalencia ajustada, TPa=3.25, IC95%:1.12-9.47); 10+ parejas sexuales masculinas en la vida (TPa=3.06, IC95%:1.4-6.68) y 1+ parejas masculinas (sexo anal) recientes (TPa=2.28, IC95%:1.15-4.5). Tasas de incidencia para infección anal: VPH alto-riesgo=7.8/1000 persona-meses (IC95%:6.0-10.1), VPH 16=1.8/1000 persona-meses (95%IC:1.1-2.9), tipos en vacuna tetravalente=3.4/1000 persona-meses y tipos en vacuna nonavalente=5.5/1000 persona-meses. Conclusiones: Implementación de programas de vacunación universal (incluyendo hombres) contra VPH es una prioridad en salud pública.

Benefícios da condroitinase abc associada a células-tronco mesenquimais na lesão espinhal aguda em ratos / Benefits of chondroitinase abc associated with mesenchymal stem cells in acute spinal cord injury in rats

Com o objetivo de estudar o efeito da condroitinase associada às células-tronco mesenquimais na lesão aguda da medula espinhal, utilizaram-se 50 ratos Lewis, distribuídos igualmente nos grupos: controle negativo (CN), tratamento com placebo (PLA), condroitinase (CDN), células-tronco mesenquimais (CTM) e condroitinase mais células-tronco mesenquimais (CDN+CTM). Todos os animais tiveram a medula espinhal exposta por laminectomia, e os grupos PLA, CDT, CTM e CDT+CTM sofreram também trauma medular compressivo. Após sete dias, procedeu-se à reexposição da medula espinhal, quando os grupos PLA e CTM receberam 4µL de líquido cefalorraquidiano artificial via intralesional, e os grupos CDT e CDT+CTM receberam o mesmo líquido contendo 2,2U de condroitinase. Após 14 dias da cirurgia inicial, todos os animais receberam 0,2mL de PBS via endovenosa, contudo, nos grupos CTM e CDT+CTM, esse líquido continha 1x106 CTM. Avaliou-se a capacidade motora até o 28o dia pós-trauma e, posteriormente, as medulas espinhais foram analisadas por RT-PCR, para quantificação da expressão gênica para BDNF, NT-3, VEGF, KDR e PECAM-1, e por imunoistoquímica, para detecção das células-tronco GFP injetadas (anti-GFP), quantificação dos neurônios (anti-NeuN) e da GFAP e vimentina, para avaliação da cicatriz glial. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas com o auxílio do Prism 5 for Windows, com o nível de significância de 5%. Não houve diferença entre os grupos quanto à capacidade motora. O grupo CDT+CTM apresentou maior imunoexpressão de neurônios viáveis do que o placebo. No CTM, houve maior expressão dos fatores neurotróficos BDNF e VEGF. E no CDT, houve menor imunoexpressão de vimentina. Concluiu-se que a associação CDT+CTM favorece a viabilidade neuronal após o trauma, que o tratamento com CTM promove aumento na expressão dos fatores tróficos BDNF e VEGF e que o tratamento com condroitinase é efetivo na redução da cicatriz glial.(AU)

The aim of this work was to study the effect of chondroitinase associated with mesenchymal stem cells in acute spinal cord injury. Therefore, 50 Lewis rats were distributed in the following groups: negative control (NC), treatment with placebo (PLA), chondroitinase (CDT), mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), and chondroitinase associated with mesenchymal stem cells (CDT + MSC). All animals had their spinal cord exposed by laminectomy, and the groups named PLA, CDT, MSC and CDT + MSC also suffered compressive spinal cord trauma. After seven days, the spinal cord was re-exposed, when the PLA and MSCs groups received 4uL of artificial cerebrospinal fluid through the lesion, and the CDT group and CDT + MSC received the same fluid containing 2,2U of chondroitinase. 14 days after the first surgery, all animals received 0.2ml of PBS intravenously; however, the MSC and CDT + MSC groups received the same liquid also containing 1x106 MSCs. The motor skills were evaluated up to 28 days post-injury and, subsequently, the spinal cords were analyzed by RT-PCR for BDNF, NT-3, VEGF, PECAM-1 and KDR gene expression quantification, immunohistochemistry to detect injected stem cells GFP (anti-GFP), to quantify neurons (anti-NeuN), GFAP and detect vimentin in order to evaluate the glial scar. Statistical analyzes were performed by Prism 5 for Windows using a 5% level of significance. There was no difference between groups with regarding motor capacity. The CDT + MSC group showed increased immunoreactivity of viable neurons than placebo. In MSC, there was a greater expression of neurotrophic factors BDNF and VEGF. Also, there was less vimentin immunostaining in group CDT. It was concluded that CDT + MSC association promotes neuronal viability after trauma, in which treatment with MSC promotes increased expression of BDNF and VEGF trophic factors, and also that treatment with chondroitinase is effective in reducing the glial scar.(AU)

Estrés oxidativo: ¿un estado celular defectuoso para la función espermática? / Oxidative stress: a defective cell state for sperm function?

En los organismos vivos, las cantidades de radicales libres y especies reactivas del oxígeno (ROS) son controladas por un complejo sistema de homeostasis, capaz de mantener niveles fisiológicos de ROS necesarios para el funcionamiento y regulación de algunas biomoléculas. Paralelamente, los organismos poseen sistemas bioquímicos de protección contra el estrés oxidativo, que consiste en el desbalance entre la producción de especies químicas altamente reactivas y las defensas antioxidantes de la célula. Dicho estrés contribuye de manera importante a la etiología tanto de la senescencia celular como de algunas enfermedades. En el contexto reproductivo, las células espermáticas pasan por una serie de cambios fisiológicos durante los procesos de maduración, capacitación y fecundados, entre los que se incluyen las modificaciones de las proteínas existentes, reguladas por señales procedentes del entorno espermático, donde las ROS modulan importantes vías bioquímicas, involucradas en procesos fundamentales de la función del espermatozoide y que se pueden alterar en estados de estrés oxidativo. El objetivo de esta revisión de literatura es describir algunos de los procesos que contribuyen al estrés oxidativo y sus implicaciones sobre la funcionalidad espermática.

Living organisms regulate the load of free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) by a complex homeostatic system, capable of maintaining physiological levels of ROS, necessary for the action and regulation of some biomolecules. In parallel, organisms harbor biochemical protection systems against oxidative stress, consisting of an unbalance state between oxygen reactive chemical species and antioxidant defense production; this kind of biochemical stress has been shown to contribute to cellular senescence and the development of different diseases. In the reproductive field, the spermatic cells undergo a serial of physiological changes during the maturation, capacitation and fertilization process. Such changes include the modification of proteins regulated by signals from the sperm environment, where ROS modulate important biochemical pathways involved in fundamental processes of sperm function, and that could be altered under oxidative stress conditions. The objective of this review is to describe some of the processes that contribute to oxidative stress and its implications on sperm functionality.

Key-Gaskell syndrome in Brazil: first case report / Síndrome de Key-Gaskell: primeiro relato de caso no Brasil

Feline dysautonomia is a devastating disease characterized by neuronal degeneration in autonomic ganglia that results in clinical signs related to dysfunction of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The cause is unknown and this disease has a poor prognosis and no definitive treatment. Most reports have been described in few countries around the world, but the prevalence may be underestimated in countries like Brazil. This study describes the progression and clinicopathological changes of dysautonomia in a 17-month-old female Brazilian shorthair cat...

Disautonomia felina é uma doença devastadora, caracterizada por degeneração neuronal em gânglios autonômicos, a qual resulta em sinais clínicos relacionados à disfunção dos sistemas simpático e parassimpático. Sua causa é desconhecida, o prognóstico desfavorável e não há tratamento definitivo disponível. A maioria dos relatos foi descrita em países ao redor do mundo, mas sua prevalência pode estar subestimada em países como o Brasil. Este estudo descreve a progressão e as alterações clínico-patológicas da disautonomia em um gato de pelo curto brasileiro, do sexo feminino, de 17 meses de idade...

Clinical and pathological aspects of multicentric hemangiosarcoma in a Pinscher dog / Sinais neurológicos multifocais devido ao hemangiossarcoma multicêntrico em um cão Pinscher: aspectos clínicos e patológicos

A 3-year-old female Pinscher dog was presented with a history of lameness and pain in hind limbs for one week which acutely progressed to non-ambulatory paraparesis. The dog had been apathetic and anorexic during the six days prior to presentation. The neurological findings were compatible with upper motor neuron signs to the left hind limb due to a spinal cord compressive mass on the twelfth thoracic vertebral body. On the other hand, signs of lower motor neurons to the right hind limb were due to a mass with a pathological fracture in the right proximal femur, compressing the sciatic nerve. A histopathological analysis of all organs revealedthe proliferation of endothelial cells showingin filtrative growth and organization into vascular structures with a solid pattern. In addition, immunohistochemycal analysis revealed low proliferation index and citoplasmatic positivity for CD-31, confirming the vascular nature of the neoplasm. Clinical, histopathological and immunophenotipical findings were consistent with hemangiosarcoma.

Uma cadela Pinscher de três anos de idade foi atendida em Hospital Veterinário Escola com histórico de dor nos membros pélvicos com progressão aguda para paraparesia não ambulatória. O animal estava apático e anoréxico há seis dias. Os achados neurológicos foram compatíveis com sinais de lesão de neurônios motores superiores para o membro pélvico esquerdo devido a uma massa no 12º corpo vertebral comprimindo a medula espinhal. Por outro lado, foram observados sinais de lesão de neurônios motores inferiores para o membro pélvico direito devido a uma fratura patológica no colo proximal do fêmur direito que comprimiu o nervo isquiático. Análises histopatológicas de todos os órgãos revelaram proliferação de células endoteliais com crescimento infiltrativo e organização sólida em estruturas vasculares. Adicionalmente, a análise imuno-histoquímica revelou baixa proliferação e marcação citoplasmática positiva para CD-31, confirmando a natureza vascular da neoplasia. Os achados clínicos, histopatológicos e imuno-histoquímicos foram consistentes com hemangiossarcoma.

Interferones lambdas (IFNs-lambda) en infección con virus hepatitis C / Lamba interferons in infection with hepatitis C virus

The current standard therapy for patients chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the administration of pegylated interferon-alpha (PEG-IFN) plus ribavirin (RBV), eliminating the virus in only about half of patients infected with the genotype most common in Chile and the world (genotype 1), being higher for genotypes 2 and 3. Genotyping of the HCV is a strong predictor of treatment response, and it defines the treatment duration (48 weeks for genotype 1 and 24weeks for genotypes 2 and 3). Genome studies revealed the association of polymorphisms (SNPs) close to IL28B gene with increased spontaneous and treatment-inducing clearance for HCV, which are now evaluated as a strong predictor of treatment response. These SNPs are close to genes coding for type III IFNs family, known as IFNs lambda (IFNs lambda), composed by IFN lambda1 (IL29), IFN lambda2 (IL28A) and IFN lambda3 (IL28B). It has been shown that these cytokines are highly involved in antiviral immune responses, including HCV, playing IFN lambda1 a central role. Today, there is an ongoing study where pegylated IFN alpha1 was administrated in chronic HCV patients as alternative to IFN lambda therapy, seeking for a more specific response to infected hepatocytes and with fewer adverse effects.

Anticoncepción de emergencia hormonal: conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas en estudiantes universitarias: estudio de corte transversal: Colombia, 2008 / Hormonal emergency contraception: knowledge, attitudes and practices in university students: cross section study: Colombia, 2008

Introducción: anualmente se realizan cerca de 20 millones de abortos inseguros globalmente como consecuencia de gestaciones no planeadas que causan más de 80.000 muertes maternas. La anticoncepción de emergencia hormonal (AEH) es una útil herramienta para minimizar embarazos no planeados después de una relación sexual sin protección. Objetivo: determinar conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre AEH en estudiantes de carreras de salud en una universidad de Colombia. Materiales y métodos: estudio de corte transversal. Población: mujeres estudiantes de las carreras de salud de una universidad en Colombia. Tamaño muestral: 496 encuestas con base en supuesto conocimiento sobre anticoncepción de emergencia hormonal del 2%, con peor aceptable del 0.1% e intervalo de confianza del 99,99%. Procedimiento: encuesta anónima de autodiligenciamiento, para evaluar conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas. Resultados: edad promedio: 22.5 años (rango 16-28). El 96% de las estudiantes son solteras, 2% casadas, 2% unión libre y 6% ya tienen hijos. El 76% ya inició vida sexual; 27% utilizan condón, 15% inyectables mensuales, 12% anticonceptivos orales combinados y 5% métodos naturales. En los últimos tres meses, 6 de cada 10 han tenido relaciones sexuales pero la tercera parte no ha utilizado ningún método anticonceptivo. Aunque 90% conocen la AEH, sólo la tercera parte identifica el verdadero mecanismo de acción. El 25% manifiesta no saber la efectividad de la AEH y sólo el 2% conoce el tiempo límite de uso. Dos de cada 10 mujeres no están de acuerdo con su uso. Seis de cada 10 estudiantes la han utilizado alguna vez, 2% la ha utilizado hasta 4 veces, y el 17% ha cambiado su método rutinario por utilizar AEH. El 80% la adquirió directamente en droguerías y el 12% en Profamilia. El 88% utilizó AEH de sólo progestina, 11% Yuzpe y 1% DIU. La gran brecha encontrada entre conocimientos, actitudesy práctica sobre AEH en las encuestadas permite sugerir una intervención educativa sobre AEH.

Modelo experimental de trauma medular agudo produzido por aparelho estereotáxico modificado / Experimental model of acute spinal cord injury produced by modified steriotaxic equipment

Foram utilizados 55 ratos machos da espécie Rattus novergicus, variedade Wistar, com o objetivo de propor um modelo experimental de trauma medular produzido por aparelho estereotáxico modificado, capaz de reproduzir clinicamente lesões medulares padronizadas. Após realização de laminectomia dorsal de T13, utilizou-se peso compressivo de 50,5g (25 animais - grupo I) ou 70,5g (30 animais - grupo II), durante cinco minutos, comprimindo a medula espinhal. Os animais foram assistidos durante oito dias, por meio de testes comportamentais para avaliar a sensibilidade dolorosa, a capacidade motora, o posicionamento tátil e proprioceptivo e a capacidade de manter-se em plano inclinado. No grupo I, observaram-se déficits neurológicos moderados e transitórios, que variaram entre os animais. No grupo II, foi possível obter um trauma padronizado, caracterizado por paraplegia bilateral e simétrica dos membros posteriores, perda de propriocepção e da sensibilidade dolorosa de todos os animais. A utilização do aparelho estereotáxico desenvolvido permite reproduzir clinicamente trauma medular padronizado em ratos, de maneira simples, econômica e satisfatória, o que poderá proporcionar avanços nas investigações terapêuticas, abrangendo doenças neurodegenerativas, como é o caso do trauma medular agudo.

Fifty-five male rats (Rattus novergicus), Wistar variety, were used with the purpose of suggesting an experimental model of spinal cord trauma performed by using a modified stereotaxic equipment capable to reproduce clinically (standardized) pattern spinal cord injury. After dorsal laminectomy of T13, a compression was performed with 50.5g (25 animals - group I) or 70.5g (30 animals - group II) during five minutes on spinal cord. The animals were assisted during eight days by behavioral tests to evaluate painful sensibility, motor capacity, proprioceptive and tactil placing, and stability on inclined plan. In the group I, moderate and transitory neurological deficits were observed, that varied among the animals. In the group II, a standardized trauma was obtained, characterized by bilateral and symmetrical paraplegia of hindlimbs, loss of proprioception, and painful sensibility in all the animals. The use of developed stereotaxic equipment allowed to reproduce pattern spinal cord injury in rats, by a simply, economic, and satisfactory way. This can provide progresses in the therapeutic investigations embracing neurodegenerative diseases, like spinal cord injury.

Fascitis necrosante palpebral y shock tóxico por Streptococcus pyogenes / Necrotizing fasciitis of the eyelids and toxic shock syndrome due to Streptococcus pyogenes

Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a serious infection that compromises subcutaneous tissue, fascia, and adipose tissue, with high mortality rate and sequelae. Extremities, trunk and pelvis are the most common body sites affected. Periorbital celullitis with necrotizing fasciitis of the eyelid is rare. We report the case of a three years old child with bilateral NF of the eyelids and toxic shock syndrome secondary to Streptococcus pyogenes infection ocurring after a minor skin trauma. Early recognition leading to intensive care treatment and prompt surgical debridement were critical in the favourable outcome of the child.

La fascitis necrosante (FN) es una infección grave de los tejidos subcutáneos, localizada más frecuentemente en extremidades, tronco y pelvis. El compromiso de la cara y la región palpebral es inusual. Reportamos el curso clínico de un niño de tres años, previamente sano, que presentó una FN palpebral bilateral asociado a shock tóxico por Streptococcus pyogenes, secundaria a un trauma localizado. El paciente requirió tratamiento en cuidado intensivo con resucitación enérgica, antimicrobianos, inmunoglobulina intravenosa y desbridamiento quirúrgico precoz, lo que permitió su evolución favorable.

Desarrollo y optimización de una metodología analítica para la determinación de sedimento en bebida de mesa derivada del cacao / Development and optimization of an analytical methodology for sediment determination in a drink derived from the cacao

Se realizó un estudio encaminado a desarrollar y optimizar una metodología analítica que permita determinar la cantidad de sedimento que presenta una bebida derivada del cacao (chocolate de mesa), para ser aplicada como prueba rutinaria de control de calidad indicadora del proceso, con base en los principios de la sedimentación. Para la caracterización del sedimento, se hizo la distribución de tamaños de partícula, porcentaje de grasa y peso del sedimento en seco. El desarrollo de la metodología y su optimización se llevó a cabo con una muestra patrón (licor de cacao), y posteriormente con el producto en proceso (licor de cacao con lecitina) y con el producto terminado (chocolate con azúcar), provenientes de dos procesos diferentes. Los resultados muestran que la metodología permite diferenciar las muestras durante el proceso, con el producto terminado y con productos obtenidos mediante diferentes procesos.

A directed study was realized to develop and optimize an analytical methodology that allowed to determine the amount of sediment presents in a drink derived from the cacao (dinking chocolate), to be applied as routine test of indicating quality control of the process, support in the sedimentation principles. For the characterization of sediment, were realized the distribution particle size, fat percentage and dry weight of sediment. The development of the methodology and its optimization were realized with a sample patron (cacao liquor), then the methodology was defied with product in process (cacao liquor with lecithin) and finished product (chocolate with sugar), of the same process and a different process. The results show that the methodology allows differentiation the samples during the process, finished product and products obtained by different processes.

Monitorización de presión tisular de oxígeno cerebral en pacientes pediátricos con traumatismo encéfalo craneal grave: reporte de dos casos / Cerebral oxygen tissue pressure monitoring in children with severe traumatic brain injury: 2 case-reports

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most frequent causes of mortality in childhood. The treatment of patients with severe TBI is directed to prevention, early detection and treatment of secondary injuries due to extra and/or intracranial etiologies. Brain ischemia is a central cause of brain damage and its prevention has become a primary goal for intensivists. New techniques have developed to detect brain ischemia directly bedside the patient, through the monitoring of oxygen tissue pressure (PtiO2). Our objective is to report 2 pediatric patients with severe TBI and PtiO2 monitoring, in order to ilustrate the possibility that offers this technique in early detection of brain ischemia and review the current literature. We analyzed the clinical records of the patients with coma Glasgow score below 8. The intracranial pressure and PtiO2 monitoring was made through a catheter implanted in the encephalic matter. The device allowed early detection of secondary injuries and an optimal therapeutic approach in the patients, both with good outcome at discharge. The PtiO2 monitoring showed high safety and reliability.

Introducción: El traumatismo encéfalo craneal (TEC) grave es una de las principales causas de morbilidad y mortalidad en la infancia. La misión primaria del intensivista está dirigida a prevenir, detectar y tratar precozmente injurias secundarias debido a causas extra y/o intracraneales, siendo una de las más relevantes la isquemia cerebral. Nuevas técnicas han sido desarrolladas para diagnosticar directamente y junto a la cama del paciente la presencia de ella, siendo una de las más promisorias la monitorización de la presión de oxigenación tisular cerebral (PtiO2). Objetivo: Reportar 2 casos pediátricos de TEC grave en quienes monitorizamos la PtiO2, e ilustrar las posibilidades que ofrece esta técnica en la detección de isquemia cerebral, la conducta derivada de la información obtenida y explorar el estado actual de la literatura. Caso y Método: Revisión de fichas clínicas de dos pacientes, en quienes se instaló un dispositivo para monitorizar presión intracraneana (PIC) y PtiO2. La información obtenida del monitoreo permitió pesquisar precozmente segundas noxas, derivando en cambios de conducta terapéutica con resultado funcional satisfactorio al alta. Conclusión: La información obtenida permitió guiar una terapia óptima al comprender mejor la fisiopatología de lo que estaba ocurriendo con la PIC y PtiO2. El método demostró ser seguro y confiable.

Right hemidiaphragm paralysis as a rare complication of a central venous port catheter insertion

Central Venous Port Catheters are increasingly used in critically ill patients for intravenous treatments and nutrition, and lately, a main focus of oncology patients receiving chemotherapy. Besides all advantages they have also added a new set of challenges. In this case report we describe the acute presentation of a right hemidiaphragm paralysis in an oncology patient with recurrent breast ductal carcinoma as an immediate rare complication of a right subclavian vein catheterization and port insertion.

Fixação esquelética externa em fratura tarsometatársica de seriema (Cariama cristata): relato de caso / External skeletal fixation in tarsumetatarsus fracture of red-legged seriema (Cariama cristata): a case report

Uma seriema (Cariama cristata) adulta foi atendida com histórico de traumatismo por tentativa de captura. A ave apresentava dificuldade de apoio do membro pélvico direito, dor à manipulação e fratura exposta do osso tarsometatarso. Optou-se pelo tratamento cirúrgico com redução fechada, utilizando-se fixador esquelético externo tipo II, com barra de conexão acrílica. A técnica cirúrgica utilizada foi satisfatória para o tratamento da fratura, possibilitando reparação óssea e retorno funcional do membro 60 dias após a cirurgia.

An adult red-legged seriema (Cariama cristata) was referred for examination with history of trauma by capture. The physical examination revealed lameness in the right pelvic limb, sensibility to touch and open fracture of tarsumetatarsus. The treatment was done with surgical closed reduction using a external skeletal fixator type II with acrylic connecting bar. The surgical technique applied was satisfactory for the treatment of the fracture of tarsumetatarsus, since there was bone healing and functional return of the limb at 60 days after surgery.

Consumo de sustancias y conductas de riesgo en consumidores de pasta base de cacaína no consultantes a servicios de rehabilitación / Substance use and risk behaviors of out-of-treatment cocaine base paste and cocaine hydrochloride users

Background: In Chile, cocaine base paste (CBP) is the illegal substance that produces the highest rate of addiction. Nonetheless, a marginal number of users receive treatment each year. Aim: To compare the consumption patterns and risk behavior of CBP and cocaine hydrochloride (CH) users who do not attend rehabilitation services. Material and Methods: In a prospective research design, through a study methodology called Privileged Access Interview of hidden populations, 28 surveyors recruited 231 CBP users (group 1) and 236 CH users (group 2). The Risk Behavior Questionnaire was applied in four communities of Metropolitan Santiago, that have the highest prevalence of PBC and CH use. Results: CBP users showed higher schools drop-out and unemployment rates. Subjects of both groups were predominantly polysubstance and polyaddicted users. The severity of addiction to CBP of group 1 was significantly higher than the severity of addiction to CH of group 2 (5.5 versus 5.1: p<0.001). CBP users showed significantly higher rates of sexual risk behaviors, antisocial behavior, self infliction of injuries, suicide attempt and child neglect. Conclusions: A higher vulnerability was shown for users of CBP than those of CH. Attention is drawn to the need for developing community interventions in order to alter substance abuse and the risk behavior of these vulnerable groups.

Patrones de consumo de sustancias de una muestra no consultante de consumidores de pasta base de cocaína / Patterns of substance use of out-of-treatment cocaine base paste users

Introducción: En Chile, el consumo de Pasta Base de Cocaína (PBC) se ha asociado a marginalidad y micronarcotráfico. Es posible que en nuestro país exista una población de consumidores de PBC oculta a los estudios de población general y a los servicios sanitarios. El objetivo fue caracterizar una muestra de consumidores de PBC que no han recibido tratamiento reciente por abuso de sustancias utilizando la Entrevista de Acceso Privilegiado. Método: Se entrenaron 9 entrevistadores, con acceso a consumidores de PBC en las comunas de San Joaquín y La Pintana, en la administración de una encuesta sobre patrones de consumo y conductas de riesgo. Resultados: se reclutaron 160 sujetos con una mediana de edad de 21 años (mín: 12; máx: 46) de los cuales 99 fueron hombres (61,9 por ciento). La PBC fue la sustancia primaria de consumo en 136 sujetos (85 por ciento) con una mediana de días de consumo en el último mes de 23 (mín: 1; máx: 30) y una cantidad mediana de consumo de 4,2 gr/día (mín: 1; máx: 75). La edad mediana de inicio de consumo de PBC fue de 16 años (mín: 8; máx: 37). Conclusiones: el patrón de consumo de sustancias de esta muestra no consultante parece ser de mayor severidad que el patrón de consumo de una muestra de población general reportada en el Estudio Nacional de consumo de Sustancias (CONACE 2000) en las mismas comunas. La muestra descrita, o parte de ella, pudiera constituir una población oculta de consumidores de PBC.

Background: In Chile, crack or free-base Cocaine (FBC) use is associated with social isolation and drug traffic. This fact might be conditioning a hidden population of CBP users. The aim of the study was to characterize a sample of out-of-treatment CBP users by means of Privileged Access Interviewing in two districts of Santiago. Methods: Nine privileged access interviewers were trained to administer a questionnaire about substance use patterns and related risk behaviors. Results: 160 CBP users were recruited. The median age of the sample was 21 years (min: 12; max: 46). Gender distribution was 61,9 percent male. CBP was the primary abused substance in 85 percent of the sample. The median days of use in the last month was 23 days (min: 0; max: 30) and the median daily dose in the last month was 4,2 gr/day (min:0; max:75). The median age of onset of CBP use was 16 years (min: 8; max: 37). Conclusions: The pattern of substance use of this out-of-treatment sample seems to be more serious than the pattern of a general population sample reported by a National Survey in the same territorial areas. This sample, or part of it, might be a hidden population of CBP users.

Efectividad y tolerabilidad de la citicolina (somazina®): en el tratameinto de pacientes con deterioro cognitivo tipo demencia / Effectiveness and tolerabilidad of the citicolina (somazina®) in the treatment of patient with deterioration cognitivo type insanity

Evaluar la citicolina administrada a dosis de 1000 mg diarios durante 12 semanas en pacientes con criterios de demencia según Mini Mental State Test. (MMST) < 24 puntos, con el fin de observar los cambios en el MMST y en la calidad de vida. Se realizó un estudio, fase IV, prospectivo, abierto, multicéntrico, donde incluyeron pacientes de ambos sexos con edades comprendidas entre 45 y 85 años con deterioro de la función mental por: deterioro mental del anciano o trastornos vasculares crónicos, con un Score en MMST entre 12 y 23, a los cuales se suministró Citicolina (CDP.colina) en gotas a una dosis de 1000 mg., 10 cc (2 cucharaditas) diarias durante 3 meses. La efectividad fue evaluada mediante los cambios en los scores de: Mini Mental State Test, Escala de Calidad de Vida de Barthel, opinión del paciente o cuidador, opinión del médico a los tiempos: 0 días; 1,5 y 3 meses de tratamiento. Ingresaron al estudio 55 pacientes. La mayoría tomaban otro tipo de medicamentos y estos se mantuvieron sin cambios desde el inicio hasta el final del estudio. Se presentó un descenso discreto en las presiones arteriales sistólicas en ambas posiciones y en la presión arterial diastólica en la posición sentada entre el inicio y la 6ta semana sin modificaciones posteriores. Hubo un incremento importante en los promedios del MMST, el 92 por ciento de los pacientes mejoraron los resultados, en el 32 por ciento el cambio fue mayor de 5 puntos y el 18 por ciento tuvo resultados normales al final. Dos de tres pacientes con demencia severa pasaron a demencia moderada (10 a 16 ptos y 10 a 15 ptos). Diez de diecinueve pasaron de demencia moderada a leve y nueve pacientes pasaron de demencia moderada a un puntaje normal. Siete pacientes presentaron efectos adversos: mareos, inquietud, náuseas, diarrea, insomnio, epigastralgia, empeoramiento motor, ira, dos pacientes suspendieron (mareos, ataques de ira) y dos necesitaron tratamiento (mareos: cimnarizina; ira: alprazolan).

Penetrating abdominal trauma : trauma

Penetrating abdominal trauma (PAT) is seen daily in our trauma ward. We present a retrospective study of the patients managed in our hospital (Polokwane Hospital; Limpopo) from January 1999 to March 2000. Epidemiology; mechanism of injury; patterns of injury; management; morbidity and overall mortality were recorded for analysis. Morbidity and mortality were commonly associated with peritonitis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome

Implementación de la entrevista de acceso privilegiado para caracterizar consumidores de pasta base de cocaína / Using privileged access interviewing to identify crack cocaine users

Introducción. En Chile, es posible que parte de los consumidores de pasta base de cocaína (PBC) estén ocultos dada la asociación del consumo de esta sustancia con pobreza y micronarcotráfico. La entrevista de acceso privilegiado es un método utilizado en la exploración de poblaciones ocultas. Objetivo. Implementar en Chile la entrevista de acceso privilegiado para contactar consumidores de PBC sin tratamiento en el último año. Método. Se seleccionaron y entrenaron potenciales entrevistadores de acceso privilegiado (EAPs) en las comunas La Pintana y San Joaquín para la realización de una encuesta de conductas de riesgo a consumidores crónicos de PBC en su medio natural. Resultados. Se contactaron 27 sujetos de los cuales se seleccionaron 17 entrevistadores. Participaron efectivamente en el estudio 9 sujetos (52,9 por ciento) con una edad mediana de 21 años (mín: 20, máx: 28). Un total de 160 encuestas cumplieron los mecanismos de control de confiabilidad en un plazo de 7 meses. Los EAPs de sexo femenino reclutaron el 59,2 por ciento de la muestra. Los EAPs hombres reclutaron sujetos con mayor frecuencia de conductas antisociales y conductas sexuales de riesgo que las entrevistadoras mujeres. Discusión. La utilización de la entrevista de acceso privilegiado fue un método rápido, seguro y confiable para la obtención de información de consumidores de PBC que no han consultado a servicios de rehabilitación, pudiendo constituirse como un método de estudio sistemático de poblaciones ocultas en Chile. Un adecuado proceso de selección de los EAPs puede mejorar el acceso a consumidores de sustancias difíciles de contactar.