RESUMO
Objetivos: el objetivo de la investigación fue aislar protozoarios kinetoplástidos a partir de mamíferos silvestres en tres departamentos de Bolivia, con la finalidad de identificar reservorios de tripanosomátidos que podrían causar infección en diferentes reservorios y enfermedades en el humano. Métodos: Los mamíferos silvestres fueron capturados en el Chaco, valles interandinos y la zona tropical de Bolivia, utilizando trampas Sherman, Havahard y Tomahawk. Los animales capturados fueron anestesiados para realizar el xenodiagnóstico y la extracción de sangre por punción cardiaca; el aislamiento de tripanosomátidos se realizó por hemocultivo utilizando medios de cultivo NNN y su respectiva identificación por las técnicas de PCR-RFLP en el laboratorio de Biología molecular IIBISMED. Resultados: fueron capturados 236 mamíferos silvestres pertenecientes a 30 especies, de las cuales 7 especies presentaron infección por hemoflagelados. Trypanosoma cruzi fue aislado de Didelphis marsupialis, D. albiventris, Galea musteloides, Graomys domorum y Andalgalomis pearsoni; T.c marinkellei y T. dionisii fueron aislados de Carolia perspicillata (murciélagos) y otros kinetoplástidos no identificados por herramientas moleculares disponibles fueron aislados de mamíferos del género Graomys y Andalgalomys, capturados en las provincias Campero de Cochabamba y Cordillera del departamento de Santa Cruz. Conclusiones: El T. cruzi, T.c. marinkellei, T. dionisii y otros tripanosomátidos se encuentran infectando a marsupiales (Didelphis), roedores (Graomys y Andalgalomys) y cobayos silvestres (Galea) los cuales se encuentran en su ciclo silvestre en las zonas estudiadas.
Objectives: The aim of this research was isolate kinetoplastid protozoan from wild mammals in three departments of Bolivia, to identify Trypanosomatids reservoirs that could cause infection in different reservoirs and disease in humans. Methods: The wild mammals were caught in the Chaco, valleys and the tropical zone of Bolivia, using Sherman, Havahard and Tomahawk traps. Captured animals were anesthetized and xenodiagnosis and blood cardiac puncture was performed; trypanosomatides isolation using blood culture was done in NNN culture media and the respective identification was performed by PCR-RFLP techniques in the molecular biology laboratory of IIBISMED. Results: 236 wild mammals belonging to 30 species were captured, of which 7 species showed infection by hemoflagellates. Trypanosoma cruzi was isolated from Didelphis marsupialis, D. albiventris, Galea musteloides, Graomys domorum and Andalgalomis pearsoni; T.c. marinkellei and T. dionisii were isolated from Carolia perspicillata (bats) and other kinetoplastid not identified by available molecular tools were also isolated from Andalgalomys and Graomys mammals genus, from Campero and Cordillera provinces of Cochabamba and Santa Cruz. Conclusions: The T. cruzi, T.c. marinkellei, T. dionisii and other trypanosomatids are infecting marsupials (Didelphis), rodents (Graomys and Andalgalomys) and wild guinea pigs (Galea) which are found in a sylvatic cycle in the studied areas.
Assuntos
TripanossomíaseRESUMO
In the endemic regions of Bolivia the infection of the feminine population in fertile age by T. cruzi is frequent (20 to 50 % of the women in fertile age) and the rate of fetal maternal transmission is of approximately 5%. A great percentage of infected women do not transmit the infection to the fetus. The intention of the present study carried out at the Maternal-Infantile Hospital Germán Urquidi of Cochabamba (Bolivia) is to contribute to the knowledge regarding the pregnancy and birth of a newborn of Chagas infected women who do not transmit the infection to the fetus. 2124 mothers and 2,155 newborns were studied. The prevalence of infection by T. cruzi among these pregnant women is of 26,3%. Two groups of mothers were studied: 554 that presented infection by T. cruzi (group M+B-) and 1520 not infected (group control M-B-). Both groups of mothers are comparable in their anthropometric and obstetrical antecedents. The mothers (M+B+) are in average older than those not infected (p<0.05), which will probably have an influence on the number of gestations and abortion antecedents, which were of p<0.05 and p=0.01 respectively. Among the different anthropometric and biological parameters studied in newborns of groups M+B- and M-B -, no statistically significant differences between both groups were found. It can be inferred that the chronic maternal infection by T. cruzi seems to have no clinical influence, neither on the course of the pregnancy nor during birth, if a group of T. cruzi infected mothers is compared to a non infected group.
Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Gravidez , Adulto , Complicações Parasitárias na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Doença de Chagas/epidemiologia , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas , Resultado da Gravidez , Antropometria , Índice de Apgar , Bolívia/epidemiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Doença de Chagas/diagnóstico , Doença de Chagas/transmissão , PrevalênciaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to validate the method of microhematocrit tube, as a rapid method to estimate the parasitemia in blood and to associate the parasites concentration with the morbidity and mortality of new born children with congenital Chagas diseases. Our results were determined experimentally and shown that the detection limit of the microhematocrit tube method is 40 parasites/ml when at least one of the four observed tubes is positive. Besides, it was also established that when the four examined tubes are positive the parasitemia in blood reaches more than 100 parasites/ml. It is important to highlight the modification made by our laboratory in the microscopic observation of the microhematocrit tubes with respect to the methodology used by previous investigators. A positive association exists between a high number of parasites in blood and the morbi-mortality of the newly born children with congenital chagas. The results of positive association between the parasitic load and the morbility and mortality could constitute an argument to understand the possible role of the parasite in the pathology of the disease.
Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Camundongos , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas/métodos , Doença de Chagas/congênito , Doença de Chagas/parasitologia , Parasitemia , Trypanosoma cruzi/isolamento & purificação , Peso ao Nascer , Bolívia/epidemiologia , Doença de Chagas/diagnóstico , Hematócrito/instrumentação , Hematócrito/métodos , Parasitemia/mortalidade , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Cordão UmbilicalRESUMO
In Bolivia, the prevalence of infection by T. cruzi in women in fertile age can vary between 20 and 60%. The present study made in the Maternity Germin Urquidi of Cochabamba - Bolivia, it has demonstrated, that 19.9% of the mothers who go to this hospitable center to be taken care of in the childbirth, they are carrying of the infection and that 4,6% of them, they are going to transmit, by transplacentaria route, the infection to its babies. Of the 71 children born with congenital Chagas, only 47,8 % present/display some type of alteration or of development(Apgar to 1 minute low, BPN, prematuridad, pathological dismadurez) or signs (SDR, hepatomegalia, esplenomegalia, neurological signs, cardiomegalia, anasarca, petequias). When investigating the effect of the differences in the vectorial density (low, medium and high) of the zone of maternal residence, on the transmission of the infection of the mother infected to the fetus, we concluded that the rate of transmission of the congenital infection of T. cruzi is not modified by the level of endemicidad of the zone of maternal residence. By another infected new born sides whose mothers reside in zones of high endemicidad present/display, most frequently and of significant way, Apgar to 1 minute < to 7, low weight when being born and prematuridad or an association of these alterations with respiratory syndrome of distress or anasarca, when one compares them with new born of resident mothers in the zones of loss or medium endemicidad, mortality in this group is greater. These results suggest calls to account it of the mothers, in areas of high endemicidad, she is associate with a serious increase in the risk of Disease of newborn severe and mortal congenital Chagas in.