RESUMO
Valproic acid (VPA), an agent that is used to treat epileptic seizures, can cause spatial memory impairment in adults and children. This effect is thought to be due to the ability of VPA to inhibit neurogenesis in the hippocampus, which is required for learning. We have previously used an animal model to show that VPA significantly impairs hippocampal-spatial working memory and inhibits neuronal generation in the sub-granular zone of the dentate gyrus. As there are patient reports of improvements in memory after discontinuing VPA treatment, the present study investigated the recovery of both spatial memory and hippocampal neurogenesis at two time points after withdrawal of VPA. Male Wistar rats were given intraperitoneal injections of 0.9% normal saline or VPA (300 mg/kg) twice a day for 10 d. At 1, 30, or 45 d after the drug treatment, the novel object location (NOL) test was used to examine spatial memory; hippocampal cell division was counted using Ki67 immunohistochemistry, and levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Notch1 were measured using western immunoblotting. Spatial working memory was impaired 1 and 30 d after the final administration, but was restored to control levels by 45 d. Cell proliferation had increased to control levels at 30 and 45 d. Both markers of neurogenesis (BDNF and Notch1 levels) had returned to control levels at 45 d. These results demonstrate that memory recovery occurs over a period of six weeks after discontinuing VPA treatment and is preceded by a return of hippocampal neurogenesis to control levels.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Ratos , Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Encéfalo/metabolismo , Proliferação de Células , Cognição/efeitos dos fármacos , Giro Denteado/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Imuno-Histoquímica , Transtornos da Memória/terapia , Memória de Curto Prazo/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios/metabolismo , Ratos Wistar , Receptor Notch1/metabolismo , Memória Espacial/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácido Valproico/farmacologiaRESUMO
Background : Hemangiopericytoma is the one type of soft tissue sarcomas. This is very rare and uncommon type of tumor. So The surgeon and another doctor should be reminded to keep in mind.Objective : To report a case of metastastic hemangiopericytoma metastasized from the right inguinal region to the liver in 12 years.Design : Retrospective study by review of 170,000 cases medical records and pathological study.Setting : Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen province.Result : We reported a case of a 68-year old female who was initially diagnosed with hemangioperocytoma of soft tissue at her right inguinal region which was surgically excised. However twelve years later in July 2003, a tumor mass was discovered in her liver which the histology is characterized mostly similar to the earlier right inguinal tumor. Thus we diagnosed the patient with metastatic hemangiopericytoma in the liver. Two years after the removal of the tumor, she has no evidence of the other metastasis or recurrence. Twenty two cases of extracranial metastasis of hemangiopericytomatous meningioma to the liver, lung, kidney, and stomach have been reported in the literature, but hepatic resections of this metastasizing tumor have been very rare.Conclusion : We reported the very rare case of histopathologically – proven metastasized hemangiopericytoma from the right inguinal region to the liver.Key words : Hemangiopericytoma ; Hepatic metastasis ; Spindle cell tumor ; Liver tumor. liver