RESUMO
Aims@#Chemical mouthwash has been used for ages as one of the oral hygiene practices, but due to its side effects, mouthwash formulated from plants has become a better alternative. Andrographis paniculata (AP) is an herb plant known for its antibacterial effects. Thus, this study was aimed to compare the antibacterial activity of AP with commercial mouthwash and to observe the stability of mouthwash formulated from AP.@*Methodology and results@#Aqueous extract of AP was used to prepare herbal mouthwash. The antibacterial activity of AP mouthwash and three commercial types of mouthwash, namely Colgate Plax, Oral B and Listerine, were determined by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) through broth dilution method and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against selected oral pathogens; Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus. The AP mouthwash was stored for six months and a year at three different storages to assess its stability and microbial contamination by the pour and drop plate method. The results indicated that Colgate Plax and AP mouthwash have the best antibacterial activity compared to two other commercial types of mouthwash with an inhibition percentage of 95.96% at 15.63 mg/mL for S. aureus (Colgate Plax) and 168.45% at 62.5 mg/mL for S. aureus, 93.75% at 7.81 mg/mL for S. mutans and 98.51% at 7.81 mg/mL for S. sobrinus (AP mouthwash). The parameters measured remained unchanged during storage except at room temperature, while the pH level ranged from 6.72 to 7.45. The AP mouthwash showed stable sterility throughout the study. @*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#The AP mouthwash shows good antibacterial activity against oral pathogens and is almost similar to other commercial mouthwashes and stable to be used for up to a year. In addition, it has excellent potential as an alternative herbal mouthwash in treating oral pathogens effectively.
RESUMO
Aims@#Acne is a common skin disease among teenagers and also affects other ages. It occurs when the oil and dead skin cells plug into the hair follicles and causing pimples or whitehead. Although antibiotics have been used for many years in treating acne, the widespread use of it has led to the development of bacterial resistant, which resulted in unsuccessful treatment. Thus, in this study, Andrographis paniculata (AP) herbal formulation gel is proposed in order to determine its effectiveness in treating acne. Three different methodologies were used to compare the antimicrobial effect of A. paniculata herbal gel against acne-associated pathogens. @*Methodology and results@#Well diffusion, disc diffusion and broth dilution methods were applied to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of AP herbal gel at concentrations of 1.5% (w/w), 2.5% (w/w) and 5.0% (w/w) onto selected pathogens associated with acne which consisted of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Propionibacterium acnes and Candida albicans. Among the three methods, broth dilution showed the best antimicrobial effect towards all microorganisms used. AP herbal gel at concentration 2.5% (w/w) showed the optimum antimicrobial effect of S. aureus and C. albicans, while 5.0% (w/w) exhibited the best antimicrobial activities for P. acnes and S. epidermidis. @*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#Broth dilution method appears to be a reliable method for the determination of antimicrobial effects for the pathogens tested. In addition, AP herbal formulation gel has great potential to treat acne effectively.