The great contribution made by mongolian scientists to the Tibetan medicine / Монголын эм зүй, эм судлал

Abstract@#In the late 16^th century, Tibetan medical schools which were based on Indian Ayurvedic medicine were spread in Mongolia when Buddhism was revived the third time in Mongolia. This was a brand new page in the history of the Mongolian health system. Monasteries were set up in every corner and larger monasteries had doctor’s schools to train tens of doctors. At the end of the 17^th century, Mongolian doctors, scholars started translating and explaining the fundamentals of Indian Ayurveda and Tibetan medicine and even established new branches (schools) blending the Tibetan theory and treatment methods with their empirical knowledge.@*Conclusion@#At that time, in the 18^th century, complete bases were established for the start of the golden period of Mongolian medical development which was characterized by theoretical and practical compliance with the “Four Medical Tantras”. Tens of books of this time were written in the Mongolian and Tibetan languages by Mongolian doctors and scholars alike. A new paradigm containing progress, unique opinions can be seen on pages of “The Mongolian Four Medical Tantras” written by Sumbe khamba Ishbaljor, and “Satisfaction for the Readers” or Uzegsdiin Bayasgalan by Jigmeddanzan jamts and “Secrets of Prescription Recipes” or Uvidasyn Dalai by Mindol Jambal. These scholars reflected new concepts that were not specifically clear in the Four Fundamentals such as warm and cold diseases, which were the basis to categorize cold and common diseases and treat them differently, and the theoretical and practical understanding of the categorization of infectious diseases, in their book.

Comparison study of number of bones in human body of traditional and modern medicine / Монголын эм зүй, эм судлал

Background@#During the historical development of traditional medicine, many books and manuscripts have been written in Mongolian medicine. The main textbook of traditional medicine states that: “The size of a bone consists of 23 bone species, 28 spinal joints, 24 ribs, 32 teeth, and 360 pieces of bone.”</br> However, modern medicine estimates that the human body has 206 bones. Therefore, this topic was chosen to study the source material of traditional medicine, including the structure of the human body, and the number of bones in the modern medical anatomy textbook.@*Purpose@#Details of the number of bones in the human body in the “Four Medical Tantras” (རྒྱུད་བཞི) of traditional medicine and its commentary, as well as compare with the number of bones in the basic textbook of anatomy of modern medicine. @*Objectives@#In order to successfully implement the research objectives, the following objectives will be implemented. These include: </br> 1. Sampling and analyzing number of bones from traditional medicine; </br> 2. Sampling and analyzing bone numbers from modern medical textbooks; </br> 3. Compare the names and numbers of bones in traditional medicine and modern medicine @*Results@#The number, classification and features of human bones were analyzed from the main scriptures of traditional medicine such as “Explanatory Tantra”, of the “Four Medical Tantras” and the “Legs bshad gser gyi thur ma” by Blo-bzang-chos-grags. In addition, the number of bones in the human body was sampled from modern medical textbooks and prepared for comparison. The number and characteristics of bones in the human body were compared by traditional medicine and modern medicine and made a conclusion. </br> This study reveals that the foundations for the integrated development of traditional medicine were laid long ago in Mongolian medicine. In addition, to highlight the book “Four Medical Tantras”, which is the basis of the textbook on the structure of the human body and the research work of scientists and scholars, which is considered in Mongolian mamba datsan’s contribution to the science of human anatomy. The importance of this research is to change the extremes of Western medicine and traditional medicine and increase opportunities to use its introduction and development into training and clinical practice. @*Conclusion@#</br>1. The main creature of body structure in traditional medicine is the “Four Medical Tantras” which generally assumes that the numbers of bones are 360 but does not specify it in detail. During the research, we identified 357 bone names to identify each bone. The names and locations of the three bones were not clearly marked in the medical sources. </br>2. The numbers of bones are 206 in modern medical textbooks. We recalculated 151 bones based on traditional medical sources without duplication of that. </br>3. Compared to traditional medicine and modern medicine, the number of bones and are higher than 154 bone names in traditional medicine because we included the number of teeth, small bones in the ears and small bones in the fingers and toes. Some cartilage was also counted as bones.

Historical Aspects of Great Oriental Doctor Darmo MenrampaLobzang Chodrak / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

@#Most recent researches by our historians and archeologists showed that Traditional Mongolian Medicine has undergone 5000 years of historical development which contained all the features of nomadic medicine. Among this 5000 years, the Tibetan medicine particularly, some of the Tibetan doctors their books and sutras influenced a lot into our medical system. Darmo Menrampa Lobzang Chodrak was one of the Tibetan doctors who played important role in field of Mongolian Medicine.</br> In the course of the research, we have summarized data of over 10 sources and determined that the following books and sutras have been written in medicine without overlapping. From the many of the medical works of Dharmo maaramba wrote, medical sutra that was written in text during his time among Mongols, was found Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region of China, which indicates that he has had a profound impact on Mongolian medicine and the literature spread through Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region of China and Mongolia and is still being used in training, research and practice. In the ancient Tibetan books, the Dharmo maaramba was pronounced in Mongolian as «Darkhan Tengeryn Ezen,” «Otoch Khan» and «Dharmo Emch.”</br> His name was included in the list of teachers of Zaya Bandida Luvsanprinlei (1642-1708), which is undoubtedly the fact that Dharmo maaramba was his teacher.