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Introduction: The aim of this study was to assess whether epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpression was a significant prognostic factor in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CRCC) and whether its prognostic significance was affected by immunohistochemical expression patterns. Materials and Methods: Immunohistochemistry was performed on 100 cases of CRCC using an antibody against EGFR. Tumors were grouped by nuclear grade (NG) as low‑NG (NG1, 2) or high NG (NG3, 4), and by pathological stage as localized (pT1, 2), or locally invasive (pT3, 4). Clinical disease was grouped by clinical stage as early stage (stage I, II), or late stage (stage III, IV). Evaluation of the EGFR overexpression was based on cytoplasmic (EGFRCyt), and membranous (EGFRMem) staining. Results: EGFRCyt correlated with high NG (P = 0.001), lymphovascular invasion (P = 0.028), regional lymph node involvement (P = 0.027), metastasis (P = 0.001), late stage (P = 0.003), cancer‑specific death (P = 0.036), and was a predictor for disease‑specific survival (P = 0.012) whereas EGFRMem correlated with only local invasion (P = 0.021) and perirenal invasion (P = 0.009) and did not show any correlation with cancer‑specific death or disease specific survival. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that EGFR overexpression is an important prognostic factor in CRCC, and its prognostic value differs significantly with respect to the location of EGFR immunostaining. This prognostic difference may give direction on the management and treatment of CRCC patients.
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OBJECTIVE: Compare clinical outcomes in patients having urothelial tumors invading less than one half of the depth of bladder muscle and greater than one half of bladder muscle and, to determine various clinical variables as predictive factors for survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS: According to our inclusion criteria, 57 patients among cases with T2 bladder tumor were selected. Thirty-five patients (61.4 percent) had pT2a (Group-1) and 22 patients (38.6 percent) had pT2b (Group-2) muscle invasive tumors. Mean follow up time was 7.3 years for Group-1, and 6.1 years for Group-2. Multivariate analysis was performed in order to identify possible correlation of clinical variables like age, gender, grade of primary tumor, appearance of local and/ or distant metastasis with patient outcome. RESULTS: Five year recurrence-free and overall survival rates were 69.1 percent and 44.3 percent for patients with pT2a tumor, whereas these ratios were 66.1 percent and 43 percent, respectively for patients with pT2b tumor (p = 0.896; p = 0.975). Mean overall and progression-free survival times were 87.7 ± 13.8 and 116 ± 13.12 months for Group-1, while they were 73.8 ± 13.7 and 88.85 ± 12.55 months for Group-2, respectively. On both univariate and multivariate analysis, age was noticed as an independent predictive factor for survival. CONCLUSIONS: The depth of muscle invasion in bladder tumors has no prognostic significance. Recurrence of the disease either locally or at distant sites dramatically shortens patients' life. Being older than 60 years old during the time of radical surgery, is also a bad prognostic factor for overall and progression-free survival.