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Introduction@#The development of Mongolian Traditional Medicine has been closely related to the Indian Ayurvedic medicine in the beginning, and the history of Tibetan medicine since the late middle ages. Therefore, it was impossible to conduct a study without including the historical texts of Tibetan medicine within history of Mongolian Traditional medicine. The scientists from the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China included "Materia medica of Tara", "Materia medica of Manjushri", "Materia medica of Yuthog” in the traditional medicinal ancient scripture. However, in recent times, although it has been considered that the "Ocean of medicine names" scripture of Karmapa Rangjung Dorje (1284-1339), the 3rd incarnating lama of Buddhist Karmapa sect should be included in the ancient reference book of pharmacology of Traditional medicine, there is no study aimed to study the ancient medicine in detail. Due to that we aimed to study the ancient pharmacology reference book in detail. @*Goal@#We aimed to clarify the hidden meaning, science or use of the names of raw materials in the fauna of the "Ocean of medicine names". @*Materials and Methods@#We conducted the study by using manuscripts, primary source methods, checklist method, and analysis synthesis method. We have used following materials Ocean of medicine names and Beautiful eyed ornament.@*Results@#Karmapa Rangjung Dorje's " Ocean of medicine names" was a novel written in the form of a narrative of the properties of 768 medicinal raw materials divided into 11 groups. When these 11 groups were divided into plant, animal, and mineral raw materials, the percentage of each was determined as following: plants 462 (60.2%), 130 (17%), 91, 127 (16.5%), 23 (3%), and 26 (3.3%) of these raw materials from plants, minerals, animals, raw materials, extracts and tincture, respectively. </br>Also, the fauna was divided into humans, large meat, meat products, bones, vital bones, horns, bile, feathers, hair, feces, oil, milk, yogurt, and others. We differentially counted them by 8 faunas of animals and identified 90 animals and 116 raw material types. @*Conclusion@#There are more than 1.5 million species of all kinds of animals in the world. Most of these are occupied by insects. Forests, mountains, steppes, deserts, oceans, rivers, farmlands, urban gardens, homes, and any part of the biosphere are bound to encounter animals. </br>Medicines of animal origin occupy a very important place in modern medicine. High biologically active hormones and enzymes are extracted from internal and external excretory glands of animals and used for treatment. Lungs, eyes, blood, and bile are valuable raw materials for medicine.
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Background@#Traditional Mongolian medicine is one of the heritage which inherited since ancient times of nomadic culture. The radical culture of Mongolian medicine is related to shamanism and initially, it was inherited as “Dhom zasal” among folks and it was written and popular as “Sutra of Dhom” and “Sutra of Black Dhom”. </br> Thus, to define the fundamental knowledge and methods of traditional cure by analysing from those scriptures like, sutras and fetishism is the unavoidable and historical duties for the contemporary medical researchers. Therefore, our mission was to study and recognize the historical facts of the reason, situation and the generative factors of birth of remedies. @*Material and Method@#We used following study methods; manuscripts, primary source methods, hermeneutic method, and historical comparative method.</br> The study materials were more than 20 sutras which have not studied fully. Furthermore, we used scientist’s creatures and textbooks related to dhom zasal.@*Results@#It is important for define that, in which developmental period of Mongolian traditional medicine, the mantic cure was formed and what it has been through to be inherited nowadays. If could do so, it would be more accessible and orderly.</br> Recently, our medical researchers have reached to substantial success in study of medical history and have come with conclusive result that the Mongolian traditional medicine has to be properly staged into six developmental periods.</br> Further, the researchers have identified not only developmental stages of traditional medicine, but defined stages of development of medical science in Mongolia.</br> Regarding to this developmental definition, formation of traditional remedies is belonged to the stage of observation-based curing technique collecting (from prehistoric to 209 AD) period.@*Conclusion@#From our study, based on resources and factual statements, we found that, Dhom in Mongolian means remedies which were initiated at primitive time due to their physical unwellness and improved and developed from time to time. In fact, at the beginning, the remedy methods were empirical, with no adequate sequences and involuntary, but it had been developed time by time throughout, experiment and observations.
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Introduction@#Due to the dhom zasal is Mongolian’s root medicine, it contains rich of nomadic historical knowdledge regarding traditional medicine. Although during the recent years, studies regarding scripts of dhom zasal have been conducting frequently and collecting and saving several number of dhom scriptures, there is lack of studies regarding their content. Therefore, we decided to conduct the current study to identify causes, conditions and evidences related to historical development of dhom zasal.@*Goal@#We aimed to integrate and compare more than 20 studies in a range of title “Study regarding Script of traditional Mongolian medicine and its ingredients in Sutra of Black Dhom”@*Method@#We conducted the study by using manuscripts, primary source methods, checklist method, historical comparative method and analysis synthesis method.</br> We have used following materials khukh khutsiin uvdis orshvoi, sutras of dhom, dhom related research papers, and books.</br> We took a permission to conduct the current study from the National University of Inner Mongolia and the study subject and methods were confirmed. Due to the study was conducted by historical source method, in each and every citation we took from scripts, we put the author’s name to not infringe any copyright.@*Results@#Within in the study, we reviewed more than 20 Sutra of Dhom and from all the sutras, the sutra titled “khukh khutsiin uvdis orshvoi” attracted our attention inconsiderably due to the decree of Great Chinggis khan dedicated to Chaghatai khan was included in the script. Furthermore, the script was written in Mongolian script and it was studied not thoroughly as well as contains a wide range of information. </br> The decree in the sutra of Dhom is the historical, rare record which contains novel information related to traditional Mongolian medicine history. Although the exact issue date of decree is still unknown, while thinking back about the state status when the decree issued, it was assumed that could be issued during the time between 1226-1227 years. During this time, many of Sartuul nationalities, civilizations was highly developed and many therapists were working and Medicine was well developed in that time. Moreover, Chaghatai khan was introduced as a khan for a period of time, due to that he could aware of culture, and achievements of medicine of his country. Due to that the Great Chinggis khan could have sent a decree to Chaghatai khan to find an effective treatment method. But there was lack information regarding who got which disease and what medicine was needed. Therefore, they assumed that disease have occurred among soldiers who are the most significant part of guarding the state and sent therapeutic Dhoms according to most prevalent disease among soldiers. @*Conclusion@#We translated whole of sutra titled “Khukh khutsiin uvdis orshvoi” as an example due to the sutra contains wide range of information and was written in Mongolian script. Also, the decree of Great Chinggis khan was included in the sutra. Due to the reasons above, we have chosen the sutra from many others. Furthermore, we made an explanation regarding some of complicated words and dhoms were classified according to their dedicated disorders.
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@#Choijamts,the Buddhist image-maker and gelon of the Niislel Khuree (Capital Camp), lived during the last period of the 19th and early 20th centuries. He wrote a book “Gsorig zhungmangbsduspa›ibdudrtsi›isnyingpotshagrangzug rnguselba›ingomtshardga› stongtermdzodzhesbyababzhugs so” in short ngomtshardga› stongtermdzod. This is the comprehensive book about Traditional Mongolian medicine in Tibetan language and written by Mongolian scholar. In his book, the general diagnostic methods of traditional medicine consists of 3 parts: interrogation, pulse diagnosis, and analyzing patient’s urine. The diagnostic method in pediatrics in traditional medicine is based on the general method but different in some ways in consistence with the classification of diseases in children. For instance, there are 3 diagnostic methods in “Ngo mtshardga› stongtermdzod” are as follows:</br> 1. Inquire the symptoms of children from parents and examine the children’s faces</br> 2. Research the method of examining ear veins, identify its scientific nature, and open up possibility to use it in training</br> 3. Define the content and characteristics of methods of examining hot and cold quality of child’s ear by touching, and checking color and shape of veins and include these in curriculum of universities that offers traditional medicine program.</br> There are a number of interesting approaches to the diagnostic of children›s illnesses in the scope of the Sutra of “Ngo mtshardga› stongtermdzod”. In the future, there is a need for detailed study of each of these methods and input it into the curriculum,and teaching for medical students are essential.
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@#Choijamts, the Buddhist image-maker and dge long of the Niislel Khuree (Capital Camp), lived during the last period of the 19th and early 20th centuries. He wrote a book “Gso rig gzhung mang bsdus pa’i bdud rtsi’i snying po tsha grang zug rngu sel ba’i ngo mtshar dga’ ston gter mdzod zhes bya ba bzhugs so” in short ngo mtshar dga’ ston gter mdzod. This is the comprehensive book about Traditional Mongolian medicine in Tibetan language and written by Mongolian scholar. </br> In the chapter 126, Choijamts mentioned a special treatment hi calls “Mongol cure.” In this chapter, patients have a bath with boiled, hot, and warm essences with ingredients of distilled whey, mare’s milk, vodka, tea, salt, salt-marsh, and Artemisia absinthium. Artemisia was use in order to cure kidneys, bad blood, and bile, hands, and legs to become numb, rheumatism, and bam-scurvy. Also it was mentioned that it is very good to cure tsagaan huyan (chronic of nerves) diseases and other radiculopathy. Careful preparations of that cure are vital before the Mongol cure-whey treatment begins. </br> Choijamts classified 30 commonly occurring diseases out of 64 wind diseases plus 47 bile’s diseases into warm and cold diseases. Also he divided phlegm into own root and other’s root. Then he classified further 6 common diseases out of 41 own root diseases and other’s root diseases as ulcer (bor uvchin) and chronic phlegm (badgan) disease in respiratory organ. Also he taught that ulcer is warm disease and phlegm is cold disease. In addition, he healed 30 wind diseases with 3 different medicines. </br> In addition, he mentioned that what kind of prescription is more effective to the diseases based on his own experience. Specifically, he describes how to choose the most popular prescription and how to prescribe the prescriptions in terms of weather and body temperament.