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Objectives: To examine the association of central obesity [measured as waist-to-hip ratio] with glucose intolerance, and to compare the mean fasting blood sugar and the mean random blood sugar levels of centrally obese and non- obese adults
Study Design: Analytical case-control study
Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out at the Medical Wards and OPDs of Civil Hospital Karachi from June 2015 to December 2015
Materials and Methods: The subjects were selected by non-probability convenience. Based on their waist-to-hip ratio they were divided into centrally obese [group A] and non-obese [group B]. The cut-off point for waist-to-hip ratio was 1.0 for males and 0.85 for females. One hundred non-diabetic, healthy adults were included in each group. All the subjects underwent a 2 hour 75-gm oral glucose tolerance test. Fasting blood sugar and random blood sugar at two hours post-glucose challenge were measured
Results: Five individuals had blood sugar levels in the diabetic range and were excluded from the study. Impaired glucose tolerance was observed in fifteen out of 98 subjects in the centrally obese group and six out of 97 subjects in the non-obese group. This difference was statistically significant [p=0.04]. Statistically significant difference was also observed between the mean fasting blood sugar and the mean random blood sugar of the two groups [p<0.001 in both cases]. The odds ratio for a person with central obesity to have impaired glucose tolerance was estimated to be 2.74
Conclusion: There is a significant association between central obesity [waist-to-hip ratio] and glucose intolerance
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Objective: To determine frequency of hypomagnesemia in diabetic patients presenting at Civil Hospital Karachi
Study Design: Cross-sectional study
Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at a Diabetic Clinic in National Institute of Diabetes and Endocrinology [NIDE], Karachi from January to June 2016
Materials and Methods: All patients > 12 years of age of either sex, diagnosed cases of diabetes mellitus [either Type I or Type II] of > 5 years duration and have given consent for participation in the study were included. Patients with acute pancreatitis and have history of alcoholism [such conditions results in reallocation of the magnesium from extracellular to intracellular space], occurrences of diarrhea, regurgitating and nasogastric suction, ostomies and gastrointestinal fistulas [conditions which result gastrointestinal magnesium loss] and patients receiving diuretics, chemotherapeutic agents [cisplatin], antimicrobials [amphotericin B, aminoglycosides, pentamidine, capreomycin. vancomycin, and foscarnet], immunosuppressants [tacrulimus and cyclosporine], and proton-pump inhibitors, [as all these drugs results in renal loss of magnesium] were excluded
Results: The average age of selected patients with diabetes mellitus was 46.81 +/- 6.8 years. Of 350 patients, 203 [58%] were female and 147 [42%] were male; 176 [50.3%] patients had diabetes for >/= 7years; 269 [76.9%] patients had type II diabetes and 275 [78.6%] had uncontrolled diabetes. The mean serum magnesium level was 1.48 +/- 0.36 mg/dl and the frequency of hypomagnesemia was 227 [64.9%] cases
Conclusion: It is concluded from this study that the frequency of hypomagnesemia was 64.9% among study population
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Objective: To evaluate awareness among diabetic patients attending OPD of National Institute of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karachi, about the baseline blood glucose levels, Risk factors and Complications
Study Design: Cross-sectional study
Place and Duration of Study: This study conducted at the OPD of National Institute of Diabetes and Endocrinology [NIDE], at OJHA campus of Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi from January to March 2016 in Karachi
Materials and Methods: Adult, age 18 years and above, cases of diabetes were recruited from OPD of National Institute of Diabetes and Endocrinology [NIDE], at OJHA campus of Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire which was translated into local language i.e. Urdu. SPSS was used for statistical analysis
Results: A total of 100 participants completed the interview out of which 53% were male and 47% were female. Mean age of the participants was 49.3 +/- 10.7 years. Regarding the knowledge about target blood glucose levels, only 39% of the participants correctly identify the fasting blood glucose level while only 26% correctly answered random blood glucose levels. Overall mean score of knowledge and awareness was 40%. Male had better knowledge then female. Mean score for male was 50% compared to 30% among female. This difference was statistically significant p-value <0.05. Over all 45% of the participants were found to have poor knowledge scores, 35% had acceptable while only 20% had acceptable knowledge scores
Conclusion: This study found that there is low level of awareness among the patients attending diabetic outpatient clinics of NIDE. This indicates gaps in the patient care which needs attention. There is need to integrate patient education regarding glycemic targets, risk factors, complications and self-care as essential component of care through different channels of communication
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Hereditary Gingival Fibromatosis [HGF] also referred to as idiopathic gingival hyperplasia is a rare type of slow growing gingival enlargement with great clinical and genetic heterogeneity inherited usually as Mendelian autosomal dominant fashion. Occurring as an isolated trait [HGF] and/or as a component of a syndrome, the affected gingival is characterized by firms, asymptomatic, non-hemorrhagic enlarged [hyperplastic] tissue with characteristic pale pink colour, covering most of the anatomic crown, involving usually all the quadrants. There is no definitive treatment present but post pubertal surgical intervention and good oral hygiene maintenance can improve the compromised esthetics and function of the patient. This paper presents a case report of a 15 year old male suffering from hereditary gingival fibromatosis with a positive family history. Periodontal management including gingivectomy [external bevel] was being undertaken after biopsy
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Fibromatose Gengival/diagnóstico , Fibromatose Gengival/cirurgia , Hiperplasia Gengival/cirurgia , Gengivectomia/métodosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: On exposure to prolonged cold temperature, the body responds for effective heat production both by shivering and nonshivering thermogenesis. Cold exposure increases the production of reactive oxygen species which influence the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca release from the skeletal muscles and affect their contractile properties. The role of ascorbic acid supplementation on force-frequency relationship of cold exposed skeletal muscles was evaluated in this study
METHOD: Ninety healthy, male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups of control [I], cold exposed [II] and cold exposed along with ascorbic acid supplementation [III]. Group II was given cold exposure by keeping their cages in ice-filled tubes for 1hr/day for one month. Group III was also exposed to cold along with ascorbic acid supplement as 500mg/L mixed in drinking water for one month. After the study period, the extensor digitorum longus muscle was dissected out and force-frequency relationship in the skeletal muscle fibers was analyzed on computerized data acquisition system
RESULTS: The group II showed a significant decline in the contractile properties of skeletal muscle fibers at different frequencies as compared to the group I [p value <0.05]. In group III, however, the force was contraction was better than group II [p value <0.05]
CONCLUSION: Ascorbic acid prevents the decrease in force of contraction in muscles exposed to chronic cold
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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the association between serum testosterone levels and Body mass index [BMI] in the adult age group
STUDY DESIGN: It was a randomized cross sectional study
PLACE AND DURATION: The study was carried out at the Physiology Department of Islamic International Medical College, Rawalpindi from March 2010 to March 11
METHODS: The sample size was 56 male medical students [aged 18-25 years]. Serum total testosterone
levels were analyzed by Enzyme Linked Immunofluorescent Assay technique. Height and weight of all the students were measured using calibrated scales. Body Mass Index [BMI = Weight in kg/ Height in square meters] was calculated for each student. The positive and negative control samples were used with each batch to make sure the quality of results
RESULTS: The serum total testosterone levels decrease with the increase in BMI in the male adults aged 18-25 years. The mean serum testosterone levels of the adult males having mean BMI of 21.52 +/-2.01 were 6.92+/-2.06 [ng/ml] [p=0.000]. Those having mean BMI of 27.03+/-1.30 the serum testosterone levels were 6.72+/- 2.04 [ng/ml] [p=0.001]. In case of 35.14 +/-2.31 BMI, the levels were 6.37+/-0.19 [ng/ml] [p=0.039]
CONCLUSION: In the adult age group serum total testosterone levels were significantly negatively related to BMI
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Background: The incidence of obesity is increasing worldwide. The neuropathy associated with obesity, that is evident from disturbed nerve conduction, is one of the complications for which a number of treatment options are being considered. In this study, Simvastatin, a hydroxyl methyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor and alpha-tocopherol, a dietary antioxidant are compared for their effects on sciatic nerve conduction velocity. Objectives: To compare the effects of Simvastatin and alpha-tocopherol on sciatic nerve conduction velocity in obese rats. Methods: The study was a Randomised control trial conducted from December 2008 to November 2009. One hundred and twenty adult male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups with 30 rats in each group. One group of rats was taken as control with normal diet while other three groups were given high fat diet [HFD] for the whole study period. Along with the high fat diet, group III and group IV were given Simvastatin and alpha-tocopherol supplemented diet respectively. At the end of study, conduction velocity of sciatic nerve was determined with the help of PowerLab® data acquisition system. Results: The three groups with HFD showed more than 25% increase in weight at the end of study compared to control group. The control group with high fat diet [Group II] showed decreased sciatic nerve conduction velocity when compared with control [Group I]. Both the groups that were given Simvastatin and alpha-tocopherol each showed improvement in sciatic nerve conduction velocity [p<0.001] after four weeks when compared with the group that was given HFD without any supplementation. However with alphatocopherol, the nerve conduction velocity was improved more significantly. Conclusions: Simvastatin and alpha-tocopherol both are effective for improving sciatic nerve conduction velocity in HFD induced obesity. Keywords: Obesity, Simvastatin, nerve conduction velocity, alpha-tocopherol, High Fat Diet
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Background: The incidence of obesity is increasing worldwide. The lipid derangements and decrease in nerve conduction velocity are important complications for which a number of treatment options are being considered. In this study, Simvastatin, a hydroxyl methyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor is studied for its effects on these complications of obesity. Methods: The study was a randomised control trial conducted at Islamic International Medical College, Rawalpindi in collaboration with Railway General Hospital, Rawalpindi, and National Institute of Health, Islamabad. Ninety adult male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups with thirty rats in each group. One group of rats was taken as control with normal diet while other two groups were given High Fat Diet [HFD] for the whole study period, i.e., 10 weeks. One of the HFD group was given Simvastatin along with high fat diet for four weeks. Lipid profile was done by enzymatic colorimetric method. Conduction velocity of sciatic nerve was determined with the help of PowerLab® data acquisition system. Results: The two groups with HFD showed more than 25% increase in weight at the end of study as compared to control group. HFD group showed significantly higher lipid profile and decreased sciatic nerve conduction velocity when compared with control. The group that was given Simvastatin showed significant improvement in lipid profile and increased sciatic nerve conduction velocity after 4 weeks when compared with the group that was given HFD without any intervention. Conclusions: Simvastatin is effective for improving the lipid profile and sciatic nerve conduction velocity in HFD induced obesity. Keywords: Obesity, Simvastatin, nerve conduction velocity
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Background: On exposure to prolonged cold temperature, the body responds for effective heat production both by shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis. Cold exposure increases the production of reactive oxygen species which influence the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca++ release from the skeletal muscles and affect their contractile properties. The role of ascorbic acid supplementation on force of contraction during fatigue of cold exposed skeletal muscles was evaluated in this study. Method: Ninety healthy, male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups of control [I], cold exposed [II], and cold exposed with ascorbic acid 500 mg/L supplementation mixed in drinking water [III]. Group II and III were given cold exposure by keeping their cages in ice-filled tubs for 1 hr/day for one month. After one month, the extensor digitorum longus muscle was dissected out and force of contraction during fatigue in the skeletal muscle fibres was analysed on a computerised data acquisition system. Results: The cold exposed group showed a significant delay in the force of contraction during fatigue of skeletal muscle fibres compared to control group. Group III showed easy fatigability and a better force of contraction than the cold exposed group. Conclusions: Ascorbic acid increases the force of contraction and decreases resistance to fatigue in the muscles exposed to chronic cold
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Objectives: to study the effects of alpha-tocopherol in high fat diet induced obese Sprague Dawley rats on lipid profile including serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoproteins, high density lipoproteins and the sciatic nerve conduction velocity
Methods: the study was a randomized control trial conducted from December 2008 to November 2009. A total of ninety adult male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups, each group having thirty rats. One group of rats was taken as control with normal diet while other two groups were given high fat diet [HFD] for the whole study period i.e. ten weeks. One of the HFD group was given alpha-tocopherol supplementation along with high fat diet for last four weeks. Lipid profile was done after intracardiac blood sampling by total enzymatic colorimetric method. Conduction velocity of sciatic nerve was determined with the help of Power lab data acquisition system
Results: the two groups with HFD showed more than 60% increase in weight at the end of study as compared to control group. HFD group showed significantly higher lipid profile and decreased sciatic nerve conduction velocity when compared with control. The group that was given alpha-tocopherol showed improvement in lipid profile [p-value < 0.001] and increased sciatic nerve conduction velocity [p-value < 0.001] after four weeks when compared with the group that was given HFD without any supplementation
Conclusions: alpha-tocopherol is effective for improving the deranged lipid levels and sciatic nerve conduction velocity in obesity
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Appendicitis being the commonest surgical emergency is primarily diagnosed clinically but posses diagnostic difficulty usually, especially to junior surgeons, demanding the need for tool/scoring system that can be easily applicable, accurate and reproducible in the diagnosis of appendicitis, with low negative Appendicectomy rate. This study is designed to assess one such scoring system, i.e., Modified Alvarado Score. A total of 100 consecutive male and female patients with age 10 year and above presenting with symptoms suggestive of acute appendicitis were included in study, assessed according to eight variables of Modified Alvarado scoring system and were accordingly placed into 3 groups. Group-I patients having score 1-4 were discharged, Group-II patients having score 5-7 were observed while Group-III patients having score 8-10 were operated. Status of appendix of operated patients was assessed histo-pathologically. Out of 100 patients included in study, 58 patients were operated on the basis of said scoring system. Of the operated patients 52 [89.65%] had acute appendicitis, thus yielding a positive predictive value of 89.66% while negative appendectomy rate of 10.34%. Frequency of negative appendicectomy was 7.69% [3/39] amongst males and 15.79% [3/19] in females. Post-operative complication rate including wound infection, pelvic abscess, chest and urinary tract infection was 22.41% [13/58]. Frequency of the negative appendicectomies can be reduced through standardization of the diagnostic procedure, by applying Modified Alvarado score in the diagnosis of suspected appendicitis cases as compared to simple clinical assessment
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Apendicite/diagnóstico , Apendicite/cirurgiaRESUMO
Purpose: to analyze the morphometric changes, including diameter of ovary and oocytes in ovarian follicles as well as histological changes in these follicles in prepubertal rats after exposure to gamma radiation
Materials and Methods: 108 albino rats of 3wks age were the subjects of this study. Out of them, randomly chosen 36 animals received 4.5Gy and next 36 received 8.3Gy of gamma radiation, while rest of them received sham radiation. Ovaries of animals were dissected out 2hrs, 4hrs, 6hrs, one day, 7days and 14days after irradiation. Micrometry was performed for diameter of ovaries and oocytes in ovarian follicles. Histological examination of five random sections of each ovary was performed
Results: there was a dose related reduction in mean diameter of ovary and diameter of oocyte in primordial and primary follicles within 7 days. Oocytes in primordial and primary follicles also showed necrotic changes within 7days. Granulosa cells in primary follicles showed intense apoptosis during first six hours, followed by necrosis and development of cystic cavities containing remnants of oocyte and granulosa cells. Apoptosis, necrosis and cyst formation were not observed in granulosa cells of primordial follicles
Conclusion: therefore, it is concluded that gamma ionizing radiation induces reduction in diameter of ovaries and oocytes of primordial and primary follicles. It causes necrosis of oocytes and sequential changes including intense apoptosis and necrotic degeneration of granulosa cells in primary follicles leading to formation of abundant follicular cysts. It induces intense reduction in ovarian follicular reserve