RESUMO
Background: Sexual assault is any sexual act performed by one person on another without the person’s consent or on a victim who is incapable of giving consent. It is a violation of basic human rights, a gender-based issue and a violent crime against both the individual and the society. The objectives of the study were to determine the incidence, pattern and management of sexual assault in Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria.Methods: This was a 10 - year retrospective study. Case records of sexual assault from 1st January, 2007 to 31st December, 2016 were retrieved and relevant data extracted and analyzed using the SPSS for windows version 20.0Results: The incidence of sexual assault was 0.8%. Majority, 88 (85.4%) occurred in children and adolescents. Peno-vaginal penetration was the most common form of assault 65 (63.1%) and the assailants were known to the victims in 74 (71.9%) of the cases. Involvement of psychiatrists/psychologists in the management of the victims was poor as psychiatrists were involved in only 13 (12.6%) of the cases. Most of the victims were lost to follow up.Conclusions: Sexual assaults occurred mostly in children and adolescents in this study. Increased public awareness and preventive interventions are required especially among the at-risk age groups to enhance their safety. Training of relevant persons in the institution to offer counselling to the victims is recommended as referral for psychiatrists’ consultation was poor. It is important to institute a good tracking system to follow up the victims as most are lost to follow up.
RESUMO
The present study examined ultrastructure of the thyroid gland of adult West African Dwarf (WAD) goat in order to further understand the ultrastructural morphology and some of the changes in the components of the thyroid gland in goat with age. Thyroids glands obtained from fifteen adult WAD goats of different ages and sexes slaughtered at the local abattoirs were used in this study. Electron microscopic techniques were used to study the fixed tissue with emphasis on the follicular and parafollicular cells. The results showed that the ultrastructure is generally similar to that of some domestic animals. Follicular cells were cuboidal in young adult goats thyroids but were flattened in older goat thyroids of 57 years. These cells remarkably showed highly dilated cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum which decreased in frequency the older goats. Microvilli were short and sparse on the follicular cells and the number decreased in the older goats. Different sizes of apical vesicles of varying electron density were encountered that included colloid droplets, secretory vesicles and lysosome-like bodies and the appearance of these vesicles changed with age. Parafollicular cells were encountered in the basal position between follicular cells in all thyroids examined. Numerous dense cytoplasmic granules were observed and they were not apparently different from that described in several mammals.
El presente estudio examinó la ultraestructura de la glándula tiroides en cabra enana de África occidental adulta con el objetivo de tener un mejor conocimiento de la morfología y algunos de los cambios en los componentes de esta glándula en cabras de mayor edad. Se estudiaron glándulas tiroides obtenidas de quince cabras adultas de diferentes edades y sexos, sacrificadas en los mataderos locales. Se utilizaron técnicas de microscopía electrónica para estudiar el tejido con énfasis en las células foliculares y para foliculares. Los resultados mostraron que la ultraestructura generalmente era similar a la de algunos animales domésticos. Las células foliculares en la tiroides de cabras adultas jóvenes eran cúbicas, no obstante en cabras adultas de mayor edad (5 a 7 años) se observaron células aplanadas en las tiroides. Estas células mostraron cisternas de retículo endoplasmático rugoso muy dilatadas que disminuyeron en frecuencia en las cabras de más edad. Las microvellosidades eran cortas y escasas en las células foliculares, y el número disminuyó en las cabras de más edad. Se encontraron diferentes tamaños de vesículas apicales y se observaron gotitas coloidales, vesículas secretoras y organismos similares a los lisosomas; la aparición de estas vesículas fue cambiando en cabras de mayor edad. Se encontraron células parafoliculares en posición basal en todas las células foliculares examinadas. Se observaron numerosos gránulos citoplasmáticos densos sin aparente diferencia de aquellos descritos en otros mamíferos.