Four-headed biceps brachii, three-headed coracobrachialis muscles associated with arterial and nervous anomalies in the upper limb / 대한해부학회지

A four-headed biceps brachii muscle and three-headed coracobrachialis muscle, high-originated radial artery and communication between the median and musculocutaneous nerves have been well documented in the available literature. However co-existence of these variations is rare. In this study we aimed to describe multiple variations in the upper limb and discuss their co-existence from clinical and embryological points of view.

Effect of denervation and ischemia reperfusion injury on serum nitric oxide levels in rats

To evaluate the effect of renal denervation and serum nitric oxide level with a different time course of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Thirty-six male Wistar rats were randomized into 6 groups. All rats underwent right nephrectomy to create a single kidney model. Renal denervated and innerved rats were subjected to renal clamping for 30-60 minutes. The study was performed in the Department of Anatomy, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey, between June and November 2005. Combined effect of denervation and ischemia may caused significant increase in serum nitric oxide levels and decrease in glomerular filtration rates. Our results indicate that kidney denervation did not cause any changes in renal functions, but with ischemia it worsens the deleterious effect of ischemia-reperfusion injury, and causes a significant increase in serum nitric oxide levels