RESUMO
To find the frequency/pattern of Early Childhood caries [ECC] and to find out the relationship of different risk factors with ECC. A cross sectional survey was conducted in both pediatric departments present in the dental hospitals of Peshawar, Pakistan from August 2013 to January 2014. All children with age range of 3- 6 years that visited pediatric department were selected. The diagnosis of ECC was solely based on clinical assessment. A parent or a caregiver was asked to complete a questionnaire regarding information about the child, their oral hygiene, demographics and feeding practices. The data was arranged categorically and analyzed using Statistical Package of Social Sciences [SPSS 16]. Chi Square test was used to calculate statistical significance set at <0.05. A total number of 320 children were selected. The Mean age of our sample was 4.2 +/- 1.14 years Majority of children were males [n=184, 57.5%] while females were [n=136, 42.5%]. The frequency of Early Childhood Caries was 85% [272]. Anterior teeth had more caries [n=139, 43.4%] than posterior and upper jaw teeth had more caries [n=171, 53.4%] than lower jaw. Feeding habits, Age, mother's age, adult supervision, and knowledge of parent were found to be significantly related with Early Childhood Caries [p<.005], while the gender and who applies the tooth paste were found not significant. There is a high occurrence of early child hood caries among children visiting dental hospitals in Peshawar. Anterior upper teeth are more prone to caries
RESUMO
To find out the frequency of gestational diabetes among pregnant women at Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar and to explore associated risk factors. This cross sectional study was conducted at the department of Gynecology Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar from August 2013 to January 2014. All pregnant females who fulfill the selection criteria coming for their routine checkup after 24 weeks till 28 weeks were taken in our study by convenient sampling method. Informed consent was obtained from each patient and a questionnaire was administered by researcher herself. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 16. Association of gestational diabetes and risk factors was studied using chi-square test. A total of 190 pregnant women were included in our study. Frequency of patients diagnosed as gestational diabetes mellitus on the basis of GTT was 50[26.3%]. Risk factors included in the study were significantly associated with development of GDM age of patient [.00], body mass of index [.00], polycystic ovarian syndrome [.00], previous history of gestational diabetes mellitus [.00], previous history of macrocosmic baby [.00], and family history of diabe-tes mellitus [.00]. A quarter of the sample population was having GDM and the major risk factors associated with GDM were age of the patient, body mass index of the patient, polycystic ovarian syndrome, previous history of GDM, previous history of macrosomic baby, family history of diabetes